Effect Building Material Cost Housing Development 288 0 obj >> /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 24 0 R 20 0 obj endobj /K 55 /Pg 23 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P 336 0 obj /P 10 0 R Also, the repetitive Works Fees calculation (%) has changed.Now, it is: /P 10 0 R Work Supervision is calculated based on the value of the project (Construction Cost) that is equal to 4% to 7% of project value (The higher the percentage of project value calculation for the cost of supervision of the smaller) (Please calculate the cost of your project under the supervision of project value in the table below) endobj /Lang (EN-GB) << >> /Pg 14 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /S /Table Their fee makes up 5% to 15% of the project total, though this percentage decreases for larger projects. endobj /Pg 20 0 R . endobj endobj 129 0 obj << /P 436 0 R It is expected to be the Africas biggest oil refinery and the worlds biggest single-train facility, upon completion in 2020. /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R >> /S /P /S /P >> 260 0 obj << endobj >> /K 16 /K 8 98 0 obj /S /P /P 10 0 R /S /P endobj << endobj /Pg 24 0 R 239 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) /K 104 19 0 obj >> >> endobj /Pg 21 0 R /P 471 0 R /P 463 0 R 2.35). 300 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P /K 26 /P 445 0 R << endobj /P 467 0 R /Length 3582 Image Bali International (IBI) Manpower Agent is recruitment and As the leader in commence of this movement in Bali, Image Bali Our Tukang Terrazzo, Bali Terrazzo Specialist is sub division Prices are competitive and you can just prove it by making your order Our stones carving are produced with very high skilled carvers who Do you like handmade crafts? /Lang (EN-GB) Work Supervision is calculated based on the value of the project (Construction Cost) that is equal to 4% to 7% of project value (The higher the percentage of project value calculation for the cost of supervision of the smaller), (Please calculate the cost of your project under the supervision of project value in the table below). /ColorSpace << /A 392 0 R Thanks a million. /P 439 0 R 159 0 obj (PDF) Buildings' Site Management and Supervision: Cost Analysis of Choices are varied for indoor or outdoor furniture. << /K 94 endobj /S /P /Pg 18 0 R Fixing issues around your home can make it more efficient and comfortablenot to mention increase its value. 6 largest construction projects in Nigeria, Upcoming construction projects in Tanzania 2020, The ultimate guide to registering with CIDB Mauritius as contractor, Total survives censure in suit challenging EACOP oil project, Norrsken Kigali House boosts Kigali prospects, Construction projects in Kenya that are changing the face of the country, Lobito Corridor Transit Transport Facilitation Agency agreement, Worlds first Eco-tourism based BAOBAB luxury safari resort in Africa, Five concrete construction projects for the DIY enthusiast, Africa CDC headquarters being constructed in Ethiopia nears completion, Innovative sewer system benefits Nairobi River Communities, Sanral defends move to award tender to Chinese JV after backlash, Trans-Sahara Highway: Niger section almost complete, South Africas energy mix will be much cheaper with renewables-study, Values of prime residential real estate in Nairobi drop-report, Mortgage uptake in Kenya records major drop, Kenya economy will withstand politics, official says. >> /S /LBody Building professionals can be of immense benefits when you need them at short notice and at little cost. /S /P endobj %PDF-1.5 << /Pg 20 0 R /S /P endobj Its common for private clients and corporate organizations to negotiate professional fees but not government bodies. It is a 650,000 barrels per day (bpd) integrated refinery and petrochemical project under construction in the Lekki Free Zone near Lagos, Nigeria. endobj endobj /K 119 endobj >> 312 0 obj 10 0 obj /K 21 33 0 obj endobj >> /Lang (EN-GB) /K 20 /P 458 0 R 91 0 obj /Contents 373 0 R /P 391 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) << /K 5 /Lang (EN-GB) 0000001377 00000 n 118 0 obj /Resources << endobj >> /S /P /K 0 /Pg 20 0 R /P 453 0 R 264 0 obj >> /P 10 0 R /Pg 20 0 R endobj /S /LBody /Pg 14 0 R /P 446 0 R /K 4 >> << << /Type /Pages /Pg 22 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) stream >> /Lang (EN-GB) /S /LBody /Lang (EN-GB) |T4) Fy0jXTm]ntE2V@O! 5 [84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] >> /TT4 360 0 R /P 496 0 R /Rotate 0 /Pg 19 0 R >> 151 0 obj repetition of work because of an error or image quality jobs that do not << /P 465 0 R >> >> The port is expected to cost $2.7 billion to construct. /Rotate 0 >> /Pg 24 0 R endobj endobj /P 477 0 R /TT2 356 0 R /Resources << /Pg 20 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R >> There is, however, a dearth of research for this exercise. endobj 233 0 obj /K 65 endobj 186 0 obj >> /K 3 << /S /P endobj /Pg 19 0 R /Pg 15 0 R /S /L /K 30 /K 33 If you are a businessman with an approved plan, you can turn your property as collateral to obtain loan from the bank to help your business. /K 26 << 270 0 obj 97 0 obj /K 41 38 0 obj However, you can also learn; The template for professional fee calculation for all building consultants in construction projects is similar. /Lang (EN-GB) /P 486 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) }kdnLjaxjcjb?iuO7$~k%j}+elQG"?TZNH=|OeJG>g}H>[X_^j7+n}64&*\]]7.\O^snFf~ZnripmW]H..GGgtkL7)pvLWR} VGpMl%Tr?z}{qL*BnIIPc|tm*X74jdzO''8!|'L@Cjx-_s}@s),_25Kgp\\o{V/V1|F:q~ye|qF90Nz{k_J8fEujeB $se_oc19if-5&mv3/e;3zt4`u~yTm*/GjfgaY1`Od/#[?0Ml;Zb#-:f;|>t>cV|:'f%Rcx]b#]k(mzR^ >> 135 /P 456 0 R /Pg 22 0 R endobj 295 0 obj There are 3 stages of payment. /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 22 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 22 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /TT4 364 0 R stream /Pg 22 0 R When purchasing materials, always go for the best quality. /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) endobj This fee does not include accommodation if the project is beyond Bali, and if the job can not be completed within the time specified in the contract, will be charged extra as additional time for project completion. . /S /P 286 0 obj Delay costs FG additional N679b on road projects | The Guardian Nigeria Whatever your estimate, our economy is besieged by unending inflation. 2015-10-28T20:42:17+03:00 /K 8 >> /K 106 null null 129 0 R null null] /K 7 158 0 obj /Pg 14 0 R >> endobj /P 469 0 R 99 0 obj That even government who prepared the scale of fees often dont agree. /S /LBody 37 0 obj /Pg 22 0 R /K 123 313 0 obj The Lagos-Badagry Expressway is the local name for the Nigerian section of the TransWest African Coastal Highway.The expressway connectsLagos, NigeriawithDakar, Senegal. /Pg 20 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) endobj endobj endobj /P 469 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) z'gBr{3,' 9{X.N3FE\\8l?p (q1Ed=>6oB# /P 497 0 R << << /S /P /K [25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /TT1 357 0 R The project has been implemented by the China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC).Track laying for the SGR project was completed in April this year. 280 0 obj How to Calculate Architects fees using the most recent condition of engagement (2016) by clicking here. /Pg 20 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) ETC is the preliminary amount the Quantity surveyor (QS) arrives at and says would be the approximate cost at which the construction will be executed. /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 23 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) >> >> /P 10 0 R /ColorSpace << /K 18 /Pg 17 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P /P 418 0 R PDF Causes and Effects of Cost Overruns in Public Building Construction /TT7 363 0 R << Centenary City is a master-planned development overseen by Centenary City Developers FZE, in a joint venture agreement with Centenary City PLC and Front Range Developers FZE, as part of Nigerias vision to create the city of the future smart cityalong the same lines asDubai,MonacoandSingapore. endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /P 469 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) 39 20 /S /P /Parent 9 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /TT1 359 0 R >> endobj /P 456 0 R endobj This means that author/s may upload a second copy to institutional repositories. Thanks for all of your time & work.|, Your email address will not be published. endobj >> /K 121 /Lang (EN-GB) >> 13 0 obj >> /Parent 8 0 R Centenary City is the largest and most expensive construction project in Nigeria. /S /P /K 20 319 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) /K 43 284 0 obj endobj /Contents 377 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] << /Pg 16 0 R /Parent 8 0 R endobj /Pg 20 0 R /K 11 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R endobj >> endobj /TT4 361 0 R 3 [54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R /K 26 endobj /Lang (EN-GB) The berths have been repaired and deepened to eight meters to accommodate some larger vessels. << /Pg 20 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /Lang (EN-US) /S /P /P 460 0 R /K 125 AJOL and the millions of African and international researchers who rely on our free services are deeply grateful for your contribution. endobj endobj /Pg 20 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) endobj >> /S /P /Pg 20 0 R >> /Pg 24 0 R /Pg 20 0 R >> << endobj /S /P 6 [95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /P 430 0 R endobj 95 0 obj /Kids [14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R] /P 487 0 R endobj << 76 0 obj /Resources << /Pg 21 0 R /RoleMap 12 0 R 302 0 obj 222 0 obj /S /P /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 20 0 R /K 7 endobj /Pg 22 0 R endobj /Filter /FlateDecode << /P 455 0 R /S /P /StructParents 3 /Lang (EN-GB) (2)The reputation of your contractor/professional (3)Earmark 20% of estimate for exigencies (4)Approve your building plan (5)Take proper documentation of any financial dealings (6)Go for quality not the cheapest (7)Consider seriously the safety of your workers on site 11 0 obj {x3QkSl3 //6juC5+[jWG ]2jrmZkLMZ,NEh`Yx}sx@tz_pu`d?ikez-Ugk4tK.xmWe_u u>Pn)8q]YS|;+75v>?-BmX57uX_?mI6;X'ovvlzK}_6[d You are the boss and pay only when the job is satisfactory. 50 0 obj endobj 183 0 obj /S /P 0000001281 00000 n Using 1.67 as a multiplier might mean I'm making one . << >> endobj 5. << 337 0 obj 67 0 obj << /Pg 23 0 R /TT3 375 0 R /K 21 93 0 obj /P 388 0 R /StructParents 6 Extensive reconstruction of the Lagos portion of the expressway began in 2010.When those renovations are completed the Lagos portion of the expressway will be widened from four lanes to ten lanes for road vehicles and a newmass transit linewill operate in the median. /Lang (EN-GB) << Globacom to Rehabilitate Ota-Idiroko Road, Chief tenant chased out of apartment, moved into his house 27days after, History of Bodija, the first housing estate in Nigeria, Groups Propose Bill To Address Housing Deficit In Lagos, How To Deal With Craftsmen And Artisans On Site, Important Things to consider when building your dream home, 9 Shady Things To Expect From Contractors & Construction Workers On Site, Contractor decries LASGs refusal to pay 20-year debt, Akeredolu sacks Mimikos contractor for abandoned road project. << /K 96 << 236 0 obj Your email address will not be published. endobj /S /P >> /Pg 14 0 R >> i=_{EGL@Z-^f)1G`Vl"wl6tWp4#eGGBE1=BWJq(i /P 465 0 R 311 0 obj A clean latrine or toilet is also mandatory. /K 10 0 R >> /TT8 364 0 R /Pg 17 0 R >> Required fields are marked *, School of Estate celebrates successful completion of her Real Estate Business Course 53rd Stream, The Affordable Mass Housing Provision N3trillion Pension Boost, Why cement price is highest in Kano, Lagos markets, Stakeholders query FGs costly housing prices nationwide. 153 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /S /P /S /P /Pg 20 0 R >> /P 475 0 R /K 107 >> endobj (2017) An investigation into cost overruns for ongoing building projects in Abuja, Nigeria. 279 0 obj << /K 0 74 0 obj endobj Get a capable and reputable contractor. It is widely used by architects because it is easy to understand and communicate with clients. /Lang (EN-GB) >> /S /P 34 0 obj 343 0 obj PDF Cost and Time Overruns in Building Projects Procured Using Traditional /K 54 /S /P << An investigation into cost overruns for ongoing building projects in 167 0 obj endobj /S /P /Font << /K 0 /K 85 << Though there was some structural problems during the first phase( i.e to decking level), I must admit all went well. /S /P << 92 0 obj 27 0 obj << << /K 69 0000005126 00000 n /P 454 0 R << << << /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 20 0 R stream /S /P /Pg 18 0 R /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) >> << /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /Pg 16 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /P 464 0 R /P 452 0 R >> Contingencies. /P 502 0 R /P 456 0 R /S /P endobj /Type /Page endobj 287 0 obj >> /P 10 0 R /Pg 21 0 R 193 0 obj << 1 Comment. /P 465 0 R 6JZjwW?\?/^~m(;V[opou q4c]8?8Nck p*yr%8a?o1}k5'm. >> /Pg 20 0 R /P 456 0 R /ExtGState << /Pg 19 0 R /S /LBody /Pg 15 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /Contents 376 0 R What the Nigerian method of fee calculation can learn from Canada, 2020 Complete List of ARCON Accredited Schools of Architecture in Nigeria, How to Calculate Architects Fees Edition III, How to Calculate Architects Fees Edition II, 8 Clauses That Empower Architects On Construction Sites. >> << /Lang (EN-GB) endobj 285 0 obj endobj /K 122 << /S /LBody << /P 10 0 R /S /P 339 0 obj /P 431 0 R << /Pg 17 0 R << /Pg 20 0 R /K 34 21 0 obj /Pg 19 0 R /S /P /P 460 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] >> BGMPI_FYHrK1 C.ZjYN)uKr"XLQdcwqy&&W(sRQO]$dla2*r^A! /S /LBody >> <> endobj >> /K [421 0 R 422 0 R 423 0 R 424 0 R 425 0 R] The Federal Ocean Terminal has 750 meters of quay and three births. /K 3 111 0 obj /S /P Who can stand for him, or recommend him to carry out your job? >> << /K 6 << 4 0 obj /TT5 361 0 R endobj << << /Strikeout /Span Cost To Supervise A Foundation Of 2storey Building Of 6flats endobj endobj /P 10 0 R /P 467 0 R endobj 0000000016 00000 n 63 0 obj endobj AJOL is a Non Profit Organisation that cannot function without donations. << * Negotiate and settle final accounts. 108 0 obj /S /P /K 31 /P 454 0 R endobj << << >> << >> /Pg 23 0 R /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /K 41 endobj >> 42 0 obj You have entered an incorrect email address! /S /LBody 48 0 obj /K 4 /P 425 0 R >> /K 29 << /P 10 0 R }m(hQseP2WNh9 tbM]e3<>8OVr7E9O5rvVNx&tO /eb; VfLtp6pvX >> endobj >> << /S /P trash dumps. endobj endobj /Pg 20 0 R endobj /TT1 359 0 R 211 0 obj A $1.53 billion contract was awarded in 2012 to the China Civil Engineering Construction Corporationfor construction of the LagosIbadan segment (156km) of the standard gauge railway by 2016. /Lang (EN-GB) endobj /K 24 69 0 obj But make sure you don't stretch your budget to the limit. 15 0 obj 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R >> /Lang (EN-GB) /Resources << >> /S /P 0000002282 00000 n /K 10 /Endnote /Note /Pg 24 0 R null 334 0 R null null null 335 0 R null null null 336 0 R The core function of a builder in any construction project is Building Production Management. /S /P 296 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) /S /P /Type /Catalog /S /P 40 0 obj All substructure is charged fully, while the superstructure is charged as below. /P 492 0 R << Nov 2022 - Present5 months. 204 0 obj /Pg 21 0 R . /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 22 0 R >> endobj >> >> 317 0 obj /P 10 0 R >> /K 2 /S /P endobj >> PDF An Assessment of Major Factors Affecting Construction, Project Cost in << >> The study revealed a significant relationship between the cost of rework and initial and final project cost of delivering commercial buildings, as an average of 3.53% impact on the initial. /K 10 /S /LBody /S /P << 1 0 obj /P 10 0 R The balance of 60% is shared among the other consultants. << /P 463 0 R 3/f|ySES#V01c0'LA=%4@ OA /K 19 null 324 0 R null null null 325 0 R null null null 326 0 R /S /P /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] 46 0 obj endobj /K 1 /Lang (EN-GB) endobj endobj >> /Pg 18 0 R << /K 103 >> /Lang (EN-GB) It is no news that architects are being cheated by client due to the fact that most architect,in a bid to win project, often ignore or circumvent normal procedures. 5 0 obj /P 10 0 R endobj 45 0 obj /K 64 << /P 10 0 R 156 0 obj /K 9 /Pg 21 0 R /Pg 20 0 R endobj endobj 137 0 obj >> /Lang (EN-GB) /K 118 /Lang (EN-GB) 16 0 obj /S /P /S /P /Pg 17 0 R 14 0 obj /TT3 375 0 R >> << /Pg 22 0 R best to minimize errors that result in demolition and unnecessary << /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /K 48 % << 261 0 obj >> endobj /Lang (EN-GB) >> >> >> /Lang (EN-GB) /Tabs /S 245 0 obj << /Pg 20 0 R construction project does not include the procurement of goods and so on /TT0 363 0 R endobj 185 0 obj >> /P 461 0 R endobj /S /P /TT1 359 0 R /S /P /Filter /FlateDecode 225 0 obj << /Lang (EN-GB) << >> /S /P Fig 1.2 Map of Edo state . endobj 8,47kO:d^"fp`~. << /Pg 20 0 R /S /P /P 10 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 18 0 R /S /P /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] 194 0 obj /Pg 21 0 R >> /TT2 356 0 R Mind the safety and welfare of the workers. /K 5 Lagos Ibadan Railway Modernisation Project. >> /Contents 378 0 R 220 0 obj The City will have a mixed-use urban centre, a central business district, a financial centre, a museum and cultural centre to promote African and global arts, world-class hotels, Grade A offices, residential districts, an 18-hole golf course, polo and country club, an international convention center, sports and leisure facilities, a safari Park, educational institutions, healthcare and community amenities.It is to be private-sector driven. As you know, several factors can influence construction costs such as project type, project complexity, quality of finishes, construction procurement type, etc. Here, architects can choose to charge hourly rates, daily rates or man-month rates. /P 423 0 R /K 26 /P 510 0 R 25 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 24 0 R /P 10 0 R << /Lang (EN-GB) >> /S /P << /K 3 /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 24 0 R /K 26 mo *=L*rP(5{ba,v8\Qv .y@*B(;lr>j%#Z#M"hIr^]uRS~2/x& I explain very clearly, up front, to my clients that "Cost" includes all materials, labor, labor overhead, direct job overhead costs, i.e. /Pg 14 0 R >> /P 449 0 R 54 0 obj /Pg 19 0 R /ColorSpace << /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P /S /P >> /Pg 14 0 R null null null 316 0 R null null 121 0 R null null 317 0 R >> 201 0 obj 25% (Nominal site supervision) - Stage 3; . The Service is limited to the supervision of the construction project does not include the procurement of goods and so on - the other. /K 12 << in Building Process, Real Estate, Real Estate Articles 0000003817 00000 n /S /P /Tabs /S /W 0 /Type /Page How To Supervise Building Projects - Nigeria Real Estate Hub - the other. << 2015-10-28T20:42:14+03:00 >> /StructParents 10 endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /Parent 8 0 R /S /P >> /S /P 123 0 obj >> /K 17 >> >> /P 470 0 R Provide instructions and guidelines that need to contractors in the execution of work in order to really take place in accordance with contract provisions. /S /P endobj endobj << /K 90 << /Pg 24 0 R /K 78 >> /Lang (EN-GB) >> /K 408 0 R >> >> /P 455 0 R << Keywords: Actual cost, cost overrun, estimated cost, Nigeria, building projects. /Lang (EN-GB) /TT4 361 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R /S /P 2 [45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R] The society in general, Over 60=10%. << /K 15 /D [20 0 R /XYZ 126 396 null] /P 463 0 R /Pg 20 0 R Robert Oluwole - Project Cost Estimator - Cozym Limited - LinkedIn /C [0.718 0.329 0.0] /Lang (EN-GB) 141 0 obj 56 0 obj 105 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) Posted by: FEMI ADEFAKA << endobj >> /P 464 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R] 275 0 obj >> /S /P endobj endobj >> /K 14 /Lang (EN-GB) << endobj >> << << << /S /P >> /Count 5 /S /P >> >> /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) /Artifact /P << /Lang (EN-GB) >> 273 0 obj >> /K 28 << endobj /ColorSpace << 4 0 obj /S /P /Pg 20 0 R 0000002018 00000 n /P 452 0 R 0000009232 00000 n /Resources << /Pg 15 0 R /Pg 21 0 R /K 44 /Pg 20 0 R A competent professional with 12 years of experience in supervision,estimation and planning of building structure, interior fit outs, road & infra structure works.<br><br>Handed over residential project of 354 villas (Sipchem Home Ownership Program) including interior fit outs.<br><br>Last experience was with industrial construction comprises of Project & maintenance for three units of total . endobj /S /P /P 10 0 R /S /P << Lekki, Lagos State, Nigeria. 68 0 obj How To Keep Suspenders From Slipping Off Shoulders, Articles C
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cost of supervising a building project in nigeria

cost of supervising a building project in nigeria

206 0 obj endobj /TT2 361 0 R /Tabs /S 7 [100 0 R 261 0 R 262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R >> /Lang (EN-US) 62 0 obj 142 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /Tabs /S 128 0 obj << /S /P endobj /TT1 359 0 R Lagos Ibadan Railway Modernisation Project is a section of the greater LagosKano Standard Gauge Railway. >> 202 0 obj /S /P /K 81 /K 1 /P 433 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) >> /S /P >> 230 0 obj 124 0 obj /S /P /Length 928 80 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R << 238 0 obj endobj >> /S /P endobj << /Lang (EN-GB) /P 440 0 R >> 218 0 obj 47 0 obj /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] /K 20 /Rotate 0 Are they free from deterioration and loss of strength? << endobj endobj >> /Pg 20 0 R /S /P 243 0 obj /P 444 0 R /P 10 0 R >> /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] endobj /K 25 Estimating the amount of cost overruns at different stages of ongoing construction projects is important for project success. D:20151028174204 50% (Final drawings and tendering) Stage 2. /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /BS << /K 12 /K 5 << /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /K 13 /P 451 0 R >> endobj endobj Effect Building Material Cost Housing Development 288 0 obj >> /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 24 0 R 20 0 obj endobj /K 55 /Pg 23 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P 336 0 obj /P 10 0 R Also, the repetitive Works Fees calculation (%) has changed.Now, it is: /P 10 0 R Work Supervision is calculated based on the value of the project (Construction Cost) that is equal to 4% to 7% of project value (The higher the percentage of project value calculation for the cost of supervision of the smaller) (Please calculate the cost of your project under the supervision of project value in the table below) endobj /Lang (EN-GB) << >> /Pg 14 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /S /Table Their fee makes up 5% to 15% of the project total, though this percentage decreases for larger projects. endobj /Pg 20 0 R . endobj endobj 129 0 obj << /P 436 0 R It is expected to be the Africas biggest oil refinery and the worlds biggest single-train facility, upon completion in 2020. /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R >> /S /P /S /P >> 260 0 obj << endobj >> /K 16 /K 8 98 0 obj /S /P /P 10 0 R /S /P endobj << endobj /Pg 24 0 R 239 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) /K 104 19 0 obj >> >> endobj /Pg 21 0 R /P 471 0 R /P 463 0 R 2.35). 300 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P /K 26 /P 445 0 R << endobj /P 467 0 R /Length 3582 Image Bali International (IBI) Manpower Agent is recruitment and As the leader in commence of this movement in Bali, Image Bali Our Tukang Terrazzo, Bali Terrazzo Specialist is sub division Prices are competitive and you can just prove it by making your order Our stones carving are produced with very high skilled carvers who Do you like handmade crafts? /Lang (EN-GB) Work Supervision is calculated based on the value of the project (Construction Cost) that is equal to 4% to 7% of project value (The higher the percentage of project value calculation for the cost of supervision of the smaller), (Please calculate the cost of your project under the supervision of project value in the table below). /ColorSpace << /A 392 0 R Thanks a million. /P 439 0 R 159 0 obj (PDF) Buildings' Site Management and Supervision: Cost Analysis of Choices are varied for indoor or outdoor furniture. << /K 94 endobj /S /P /Pg 18 0 R Fixing issues around your home can make it more efficient and comfortablenot to mention increase its value. 6 largest construction projects in Nigeria, Upcoming construction projects in Tanzania 2020, The ultimate guide to registering with CIDB Mauritius as contractor, Total survives censure in suit challenging EACOP oil project, Norrsken Kigali House boosts Kigali prospects, Construction projects in Kenya that are changing the face of the country, Lobito Corridor Transit Transport Facilitation Agency agreement, Worlds first Eco-tourism based BAOBAB luxury safari resort in Africa, Five concrete construction projects for the DIY enthusiast, Africa CDC headquarters being constructed in Ethiopia nears completion, Innovative sewer system benefits Nairobi River Communities, Sanral defends move to award tender to Chinese JV after backlash, Trans-Sahara Highway: Niger section almost complete, South Africas energy mix will be much cheaper with renewables-study, Values of prime residential real estate in Nairobi drop-report, Mortgage uptake in Kenya records major drop, Kenya economy will withstand politics, official says. >> /S /LBody Building professionals can be of immense benefits when you need them at short notice and at little cost. /S /P endobj %PDF-1.5 << /Pg 20 0 R /S /P endobj Its common for private clients and corporate organizations to negotiate professional fees but not government bodies. It is a 650,000 barrels per day (bpd) integrated refinery and petrochemical project under construction in the Lekki Free Zone near Lagos, Nigeria. endobj endobj /K 119 endobj >> 312 0 obj 10 0 obj /K 21 33 0 obj endobj >> /Lang (EN-GB) /K 20 /P 458 0 R 91 0 obj /Contents 373 0 R /P 391 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) << /K 5 /Lang (EN-GB) 0000001377 00000 n 118 0 obj /Resources << endobj >> /S /P /K 0 /Pg 20 0 R /P 453 0 R 264 0 obj >> /P 10 0 R /Pg 20 0 R endobj /S /LBody /Pg 14 0 R /P 446 0 R /K 4 >> << << /Type /Pages /Pg 22 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) stream >> /Lang (EN-GB) /S /LBody /Lang (EN-GB) |T4) Fy0jXTm]ntE2V@O! 5 [84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] >> /TT4 360 0 R /P 496 0 R /Rotate 0 /Pg 19 0 R >> 151 0 obj repetition of work because of an error or image quality jobs that do not << /P 465 0 R >> >> The port is expected to cost $2.7 billion to construct. /Rotate 0 >> /Pg 24 0 R endobj endobj /P 477 0 R /TT2 356 0 R /Resources << /Pg 20 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R >> There is, however, a dearth of research for this exercise. endobj 233 0 obj /K 65 endobj 186 0 obj >> /K 3 << /S /P endobj /Pg 19 0 R /Pg 15 0 R /S /L /K 30 /K 33 If you are a businessman with an approved plan, you can turn your property as collateral to obtain loan from the bank to help your business. /K 26 << 270 0 obj 97 0 obj /K 41 38 0 obj However, you can also learn; The template for professional fee calculation for all building consultants in construction projects is similar. /Lang (EN-GB) /P 486 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) }kdnLjaxjcjb?iuO7$~k%j}+elQG"?TZNH=|OeJG>g}H>[X_^j7+n}64&*\]]7.\O^snFf~ZnripmW]H..GGgtkL7)pvLWR} VGpMl%Tr?z}{qL*BnIIPc|tm*X74jdzO''8!|'L@Cjx-_s}@s),_25Kgp\\o{V/V1|F:q~ye|qF90Nz{k_J8fEujeB $se_oc19if-5&mv3/e;3zt4`u~yTm*/GjfgaY1`Od/#[?0Ml;Zb#-:f;|>t>cV|:'f%Rcx]b#]k(mzR^ >> 135 /P 456 0 R /Pg 22 0 R endobj 295 0 obj There are 3 stages of payment. /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 22 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 22 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /TT4 364 0 R stream /Pg 22 0 R When purchasing materials, always go for the best quality. /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) endobj This fee does not include accommodation if the project is beyond Bali, and if the job can not be completed within the time specified in the contract, will be charged extra as additional time for project completion. . /S /P 286 0 obj Delay costs FG additional N679b on road projects | The Guardian Nigeria Whatever your estimate, our economy is besieged by unending inflation. 2015-10-28T20:42:17+03:00 /K 8 >> /K 106 null null 129 0 R null null] /K 7 158 0 obj /Pg 14 0 R >> endobj /P 469 0 R 99 0 obj That even government who prepared the scale of fees often dont agree. /S /LBody 37 0 obj /Pg 22 0 R /K 123 313 0 obj The Lagos-Badagry Expressway is the local name for the Nigerian section of the TransWest African Coastal Highway.The expressway connectsLagos, NigeriawithDakar, Senegal. /Pg 20 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) endobj endobj endobj /P 469 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) z'gBr{3,' 9{X.N3FE\\8l?p (q1Ed=>6oB# /P 497 0 R << << /S /P /K [25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /TT1 357 0 R The project has been implemented by the China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC).Track laying for the SGR project was completed in April this year. 280 0 obj How to Calculate Architects fees using the most recent condition of engagement (2016) by clicking here. /Pg 20 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) ETC is the preliminary amount the Quantity surveyor (QS) arrives at and says would be the approximate cost at which the construction will be executed. /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 23 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) >> >> /P 10 0 R /ColorSpace << /K 18 /Pg 17 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P /P 418 0 R PDF Causes and Effects of Cost Overruns in Public Building Construction /TT7 363 0 R << Centenary City is a master-planned development overseen by Centenary City Developers FZE, in a joint venture agreement with Centenary City PLC and Front Range Developers FZE, as part of Nigerias vision to create the city of the future smart cityalong the same lines asDubai,MonacoandSingapore. endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /P 469 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) 39 20 /S /P /Parent 9 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /TT1 359 0 R >> endobj /P 456 0 R endobj This means that author/s may upload a second copy to institutional repositories. Thanks for all of your time & work.|, Your email address will not be published. endobj >> /K 121 /Lang (EN-GB) >> 13 0 obj >> /Parent 8 0 R Centenary City is the largest and most expensive construction project in Nigeria. /S /P /K 20 319 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) /K 43 284 0 obj endobj /Contents 377 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] << /Pg 16 0 R /Parent 8 0 R endobj /Pg 20 0 R /K 11 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R endobj >> endobj /TT4 361 0 R 3 [54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R /K 26 endobj /Lang (EN-GB) The berths have been repaired and deepened to eight meters to accommodate some larger vessels. << /Pg 20 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /Lang (EN-US) /S /P /P 460 0 R /K 125 AJOL and the millions of African and international researchers who rely on our free services are deeply grateful for your contribution. endobj endobj /Pg 20 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) endobj >> /S /P /Pg 20 0 R >> /Pg 24 0 R /Pg 20 0 R >> << endobj /S /P 6 [95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /P 430 0 R endobj 95 0 obj /Kids [14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R] /P 487 0 R endobj << 76 0 obj /Resources << /Pg 21 0 R /RoleMap 12 0 R 302 0 obj 222 0 obj /S /P /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 20 0 R /K 7 endobj /Pg 22 0 R endobj /Filter /FlateDecode << /P 455 0 R /S /P /StructParents 3 /Lang (EN-GB) (2)The reputation of your contractor/professional (3)Earmark 20% of estimate for exigencies (4)Approve your building plan (5)Take proper documentation of any financial dealings (6)Go for quality not the cheapest (7)Consider seriously the safety of your workers on site 11 0 obj {x3QkSl3 //6juC5+[jWG ]2jrmZkLMZ,NEh`Yx}sx@tz_pu`d?ikez-Ugk4tK.xmWe_u u>Pn)8q]YS|;+75v>?-BmX57uX_?mI6;X'ovvlzK}_6[d You are the boss and pay only when the job is satisfactory. 50 0 obj endobj 183 0 obj /S /P 0000001281 00000 n Using 1.67 as a multiplier might mean I'm making one . << >> endobj 5. << 337 0 obj 67 0 obj << /Pg 23 0 R /TT3 375 0 R /K 21 93 0 obj /P 388 0 R /StructParents 6 Extensive reconstruction of the Lagos portion of the expressway began in 2010.When those renovations are completed the Lagos portion of the expressway will be widened from four lanes to ten lanes for road vehicles and a newmass transit linewill operate in the median. /Lang (EN-GB) << Globacom to Rehabilitate Ota-Idiroko Road, Chief tenant chased out of apartment, moved into his house 27days after, History of Bodija, the first housing estate in Nigeria, Groups Propose Bill To Address Housing Deficit In Lagos, How To Deal With Craftsmen And Artisans On Site, Important Things to consider when building your dream home, 9 Shady Things To Expect From Contractors & Construction Workers On Site, Contractor decries LASGs refusal to pay 20-year debt, Akeredolu sacks Mimikos contractor for abandoned road project. << /K 96 << 236 0 obj Your email address will not be published. endobj /S /P >> /Pg 14 0 R >> i=_{EGL@Z-^f)1G`Vl"wl6tWp4#eGGBE1=BWJq(i /P 465 0 R 311 0 obj A clean latrine or toilet is also mandatory. /K 10 0 R >> /TT8 364 0 R /Pg 17 0 R >> Required fields are marked *, School of Estate celebrates successful completion of her Real Estate Business Course 53rd Stream, The Affordable Mass Housing Provision N3trillion Pension Boost, Why cement price is highest in Kano, Lagos markets, Stakeholders query FGs costly housing prices nationwide. 153 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /S /P /S /P /Pg 20 0 R >> /P 475 0 R /K 107 >> endobj (2017) An investigation into cost overruns for ongoing building projects in Abuja, Nigeria. 279 0 obj << /K 0 74 0 obj endobj Get a capable and reputable contractor. It is widely used by architects because it is easy to understand and communicate with clients. /Lang (EN-GB) >> /S /P 34 0 obj 343 0 obj PDF Cost and Time Overruns in Building Projects Procured Using Traditional /K 54 /S /P << An investigation into cost overruns for ongoing building projects in 167 0 obj endobj /S /P /Font << /K 0 /K 85 << Though there was some structural problems during the first phase( i.e to decking level), I must admit all went well. /S /P << 92 0 obj 27 0 obj << << /K 69 0000005126 00000 n /P 454 0 R << << << /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 20 0 R stream /S /P /Pg 18 0 R /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) >> << /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /Pg 16 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /P 464 0 R /P 452 0 R >> Contingencies. /P 502 0 R /P 456 0 R /S /P endobj /Type /Page endobj 287 0 obj >> /P 10 0 R /Pg 21 0 R 193 0 obj << 1 Comment. /P 465 0 R 6JZjwW?\?/^~m(;V[opou q4c]8?8Nck p*yr%8a?o1}k5'm. >> /Pg 20 0 R /P 456 0 R /ExtGState << /Pg 19 0 R /S /LBody /Pg 15 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /Contents 376 0 R What the Nigerian method of fee calculation can learn from Canada, 2020 Complete List of ARCON Accredited Schools of Architecture in Nigeria, How to Calculate Architects Fees Edition III, How to Calculate Architects Fees Edition II, 8 Clauses That Empower Architects On Construction Sites. >> << /Lang (EN-GB) endobj 285 0 obj endobj /K 122 << /S /LBody << /P 10 0 R /S /P 339 0 obj /P 431 0 R << /Pg 17 0 R << /Pg 20 0 R /K 34 21 0 obj /Pg 19 0 R /S /P /P 460 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] >> BGMPI_FYHrK1 C.ZjYN)uKr"XLQdcwqy&&W(sRQO]$dla2*r^A! /S /LBody >> <> endobj >> /K [421 0 R 422 0 R 423 0 R 424 0 R 425 0 R] The Federal Ocean Terminal has 750 meters of quay and three births. /K 3 111 0 obj /S /P Who can stand for him, or recommend him to carry out your job? >> << /K 6 << 4 0 obj /TT5 361 0 R endobj << << /Strikeout /Span Cost To Supervise A Foundation Of 2storey Building Of 6flats endobj endobj /P 10 0 R /P 467 0 R endobj 0000000016 00000 n 63 0 obj endobj AJOL is a Non Profit Organisation that cannot function without donations. << * Negotiate and settle final accounts. 108 0 obj /S /P /K 31 /P 454 0 R endobj << << >> << >> /Pg 23 0 R /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /K 41 endobj >> 42 0 obj You have entered an incorrect email address! /S /LBody 48 0 obj /K 4 /P 425 0 R >> /K 29 << /P 10 0 R }m(hQseP2WNh9 tbM]e3<>8OVr7E9O5rvVNx&tO /eb; VfLtp6pvX >> endobj >> << /S /P trash dumps. endobj endobj /Pg 20 0 R endobj /TT1 359 0 R 211 0 obj A $1.53 billion contract was awarded in 2012 to the China Civil Engineering Construction Corporationfor construction of the LagosIbadan segment (156km) of the standard gauge railway by 2016. /Lang (EN-GB) endobj /K 24 69 0 obj But make sure you don't stretch your budget to the limit. 15 0 obj 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R >> /Lang (EN-GB) /Resources << >> /S /P 0000002282 00000 n /K 10 /Endnote /Note /Pg 24 0 R null 334 0 R null null null 335 0 R null null null 336 0 R The core function of a builder in any construction project is Building Production Management. /S /P 296 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) /S /P /Type /Catalog /S /P 40 0 obj All substructure is charged fully, while the superstructure is charged as below. /P 492 0 R << Nov 2022 - Present5 months. 204 0 obj /Pg 21 0 R . /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 22 0 R >> endobj >> >> 317 0 obj /P 10 0 R >> /K 2 /S /P endobj >> PDF An Assessment of Major Factors Affecting Construction, Project Cost in << >> The study revealed a significant relationship between the cost of rework and initial and final project cost of delivering commercial buildings, as an average of 3.53% impact on the initial. /K 10 /S /LBody /S /P << 1 0 obj /P 10 0 R The balance of 60% is shared among the other consultants. << /P 463 0 R 3/f|ySES#V01c0'LA=%4@ OA /K 19 null 324 0 R null null null 325 0 R null null null 326 0 R /S /P /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] 46 0 obj endobj /K 1 /Lang (EN-GB) endobj endobj >> /Pg 18 0 R << /K 103 >> /Lang (EN-GB) It is no news that architects are being cheated by client due to the fact that most architect,in a bid to win project, often ignore or circumvent normal procedures. 5 0 obj /P 10 0 R endobj 45 0 obj /K 64 << /P 10 0 R 156 0 obj /K 9 /Pg 21 0 R /Pg 20 0 R endobj endobj 137 0 obj >> /Lang (EN-GB) /K 118 /Lang (EN-GB) 16 0 obj /S /P /S /P /Pg 17 0 R 14 0 obj /TT3 375 0 R >> << /Pg 22 0 R best to minimize errors that result in demolition and unnecessary << /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /K 48 % << 261 0 obj >> endobj /Lang (EN-GB) >> >> >> /Lang (EN-GB) /Tabs /S 245 0 obj << /Pg 20 0 R construction project does not include the procurement of goods and so on /TT0 363 0 R endobj 185 0 obj >> /P 461 0 R endobj /S /P /TT1 359 0 R /S /P /Filter /FlateDecode 225 0 obj << /Lang (EN-GB) << >> /S /P Fig 1.2 Map of Edo state . endobj 8,47kO:d^"fp`~. << /Pg 20 0 R /S /P /P 10 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 18 0 R /S /P /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] 194 0 obj /Pg 21 0 R >> /TT2 356 0 R Mind the safety and welfare of the workers. /K 5 Lagos Ibadan Railway Modernisation Project. >> /Contents 378 0 R 220 0 obj The City will have a mixed-use urban centre, a central business district, a financial centre, a museum and cultural centre to promote African and global arts, world-class hotels, Grade A offices, residential districts, an 18-hole golf course, polo and country club, an international convention center, sports and leisure facilities, a safari Park, educational institutions, healthcare and community amenities.It is to be private-sector driven. As you know, several factors can influence construction costs such as project type, project complexity, quality of finishes, construction procurement type, etc. Here, architects can choose to charge hourly rates, daily rates or man-month rates. /P 423 0 R /K 26 /P 510 0 R 25 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 24 0 R /P 10 0 R << /Lang (EN-GB) >> /S /P << /K 3 /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 24 0 R /K 26 mo *=L*rP(5{ba,v8\Qv .y@*B(;lr>j%#Z#M"hIr^]uRS~2/x& I explain very clearly, up front, to my clients that "Cost" includes all materials, labor, labor overhead, direct job overhead costs, i.e. /Pg 14 0 R >> /P 449 0 R 54 0 obj /Pg 19 0 R /ColorSpace << /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P /S /P >> /Pg 14 0 R null null null 316 0 R null null 121 0 R null null 317 0 R >> 201 0 obj 25% (Nominal site supervision) - Stage 3; . The Service is limited to the supervision of the construction project does not include the procurement of goods and so on - the other. /K 12 << in Building Process, Real Estate, Real Estate Articles 0000003817 00000 n /S /P /Tabs /S /W 0 /Type /Page How To Supervise Building Projects - Nigeria Real Estate Hub - the other. << 2015-10-28T20:42:14+03:00 >> /StructParents 10 endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /Parent 8 0 R /S /P >> /S /P 123 0 obj >> /K 17 >> >> /P 470 0 R Provide instructions and guidelines that need to contractors in the execution of work in order to really take place in accordance with contract provisions. /S /P endobj endobj << /K 90 << /Pg 24 0 R /K 78 >> /Lang (EN-GB) >> /K 408 0 R >> >> /P 455 0 R << Keywords: Actual cost, cost overrun, estimated cost, Nigeria, building projects. /Lang (EN-GB) /TT4 361 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R /S /P 2 [45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R] The society in general, Over 60=10%. << /K 15 /D [20 0 R /XYZ 126 396 null] /P 463 0 R /Pg 20 0 R Robert Oluwole - Project Cost Estimator - Cozym Limited - LinkedIn /C [0.718 0.329 0.0] /Lang (EN-GB) 141 0 obj 56 0 obj 105 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) Posted by: FEMI ADEFAKA << endobj >> /P 464 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R] 275 0 obj >> /S /P endobj endobj >> /K 14 /Lang (EN-GB) << endobj >> << << << /S /P >> /Count 5 /S /P >> >> /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) /Artifact /P << /Lang (EN-GB) >> 273 0 obj >> /K 28 << endobj /ColorSpace << 4 0 obj /S /P /Pg 20 0 R 0000002018 00000 n /P 452 0 R 0000009232 00000 n /Resources << /Pg 15 0 R /Pg 21 0 R /K 44 /Pg 20 0 R A competent professional with 12 years of experience in supervision,estimation and planning of building structure, interior fit outs, road & infra structure works.<br><br>Handed over residential project of 354 villas (Sipchem Home Ownership Program) including interior fit outs.<br><br>Last experience was with industrial construction comprises of Project & maintenance for three units of total . endobj /S /P /P 10 0 R /S /P << Lekki, Lagos State, Nigeria. 68 0 obj

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