> By directing a worker to position the exhaust hood properly or to improve work practice, such as standing to the side or upwind of the cutting torch to avoid the smoke plume, a supervisor can do much to minimize unnecessary employee exposure to airborne contaminants. /T1_3 10 0 R Engineering controlsreduce or prevent hazards from coming into contact with workers. Engineering controls are designs or modifications to equipment, industrial plants, processes, or systems that reduce the risk of worker exposure to a hazard. The kinds of facilities where vacuuming could result in lead exposure include nonferrous metal plants (excluding aluminum) or steel plants melting lead-containing scrap in an electric-arc furnace. The lead exposure of this group of workers can be caused either by the activities of their co-workers or their own work-related activities. 0000029049 00000 n CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. /TrimBox [0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0] Full containment refers to a relatively tight enclosure (with tarps that are generally impermeable and fully sealed joints and entryways) where minimal or no fugitive emissions are expected to reach the outside environment. Such extraction systems can reduce breathing zone concentrations by 70% or more (Hughes and Amendola, 1982). 0000016984 00000 n If feasible, design the facility, equipment, or process to remove the hazard and/or substitute something that is not hazardous or is less hazardous. Y. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Local exhaust ventilation, which includes both portable ventilation systems and shrouded tools supplied with ventilation, is generally the preferred method. What Does Engineering Controls Mean? Small areas and areas with gross irregularities cannot be effectively sealed by the shroud. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Garbing An environmentally approved device that burns waste gas is collected from various process sources to reduce pressure. Occupational Safety & Health Administration. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Containment primary engineering control (C-PEC)the device in which compounds are mixed, including a containment ventilated enclosure (CVE) commonly called powder hoods, a biological safety cabinet (BSC), and a compounding aseptic . Work surface. If the lead debris can be adequately filtered from the water, the volume of debris is low. Lint free towels or wipes are to be used to wipe the surface of the PEC. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Intermediate or finish coats of paint are applied later. /BleedBox [0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0] A recent NIOSH publication (NIOSH 1992) points out the dangers of "take-home" lead contamination. In addition, the volume of water required is reduced, with less than five gallons per minute typically used. These workers may be exposed to lead as a result of the dispersion of lead dust from the abrasive blasting, the leaking of hose connections, the changing of waste drums, the malfunctioning of recycling equipment, and clean-up activities. Explain your reasoning using thermodynamic concepts. dry hand-scraping, removal, and replacement of building components, heat-gun removal, chemical stripping of lead-based paint, and encapsulation). Waagbo, S. and McPhee, W. 1991. Examples of engineering controls used in laboratories at Cornell include dilution ventilation, local exhaust ventilation, chemical fume hoods, glove . Engineering controls, when feasible, are considered the first line of defense for avoiding exposure to bloodborne pathogens. After inspection of the lining, the damaged pointing (i.e. Health hazards arise from lead dust released into the air during glass removal. e. C6H14\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{14}C6H14, PECs are designed to maintain ISO Class _______ air quality in the compounding work zone, PEC with Unidirectional, linear airflow at a fixed velocity within a confined area, Air that exits the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter is called ______ _____, HEPA filter Removes _______% of particles _____ micron, HEPA filters use positive velocity (______ feet per minute 20%) to prevent room air from entering clean zone, When airflow is compromised in a laminar flow hood it creates a, Zone of turbulence is ____X the diameter of the object The abrasive itself can either be disposed of or cleaned and recycled. Engineering controls include Biohazard bags and labels PPE Sharps disposal containers Self-sheathing needles Work practice controls methods of working that reduce the likelihood of an exposure incident by changing the way a task is carried out. Bags and containers must be labeled to indicate that they contain lead-containing waste. These Plans help facilities prevent oil spill, as well as control a spill should one occur. with a less hazardous one. Exposures may result from the release of dust and paint-chip particles when these items are removed with a prybar or cut with a saw. Engineering controls are the first line of defense in protecting workers from hazardous exposures. Consequently, appropriate controls must be implemented when using chemical strippers. 0000006651 00000 n Engineering controls means constructed containment barriers or systems that control one or more of the following: downward migration, infiltration, or seepage of surface runoff or rain; or natural leaching migration of contaminants through the subsurface over time. The SPCC rule requires facilities to develop, maintain, and implement an oil spill prevention plan, called an SPCC Plan. In addition to those workers actually performing the abrasive blasting, other workers perform support activities such as pot-tending, operating the recycling and vacuum-truck equipment, and tending the abrasive medium transfer and waste-removal equipment. High-pressure water can remove loose paint and rust, but will not efficiently remove tight paint or tight rust, or mill scale. A. Containment-ventilated enclosure and laminar air flow workbench B. Laminar air flow workbench and compounding aseptic isolator C. Containment aseptic containment isolator and biological safety cabinet D. Containment-ventilated . /Length 1931 h{pU>M6A,UP#(Bw)m B6YHQDT-"jD)J S:82(x7iIwOn 0%1D3 UfG%4*)hzU; Enclosure and isolation targeted at keeping the chemical in and the researcher out, or visa versa. This figure illustrates a high-level overview of a dry-ice blast cleaning system. Clean change areas are used to remove street clothes, to suit up in clean work clothes (protective clothing), and to don respirators prior to beginning work, and to dress in street clothes after work. Controls of this type generally involve scheduling of the work or the worker. Legionnaire's Disease, see OSHA's Safety and Health Topics Page for updated information. This may include: PPE is equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards. Examples of Hazards Where Engineering Controls are Effective, NIOSH Engineering Controls Research Program, Engineering Control Topics on the NIOSH Science Blog, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Developing administrative controls and safe work practices to reduce exposures to safe levels. In addition, these measures will minimize employee exposure to lead after the work shift ends, significantly reduce the movement of lead from the worksite, and provide added protection to employees and their families. outside via a properly functioning _______ _________, Cabinet supply fans draw room air (plus a portion of /T1_2 8 0 R Which type of Laminar Flow Hood should not be used for hazardous chemicals? Containment or enclosure structures can be broadly classified as either partial or full. Primary Engineering Controls (PECs). Blast cleaning with recyclable abrasive such as steel grit or aluminum oxide requires specialized equipment for vacuuming or collecting the abrasive for reuse, separating the lead dust and fines from the reusable abrasive, and, in the case of steel grit, maintaining clean, dry air to avoid rusting of the abrasive. /T1_5 11 0 R They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. However, in choosing alternative methods, a hazard evaluation should be conducted to identify inherent hazards of the method and equipment. endobj The relatively small volume of dust generated by this method can help to reduce containment requirements, although some screens and tarping are necessary to isolate the work area and to allow the sponge and debris to be collected. _________-pressure buffer room, For Hazardous Compounding: The demolition of lead-painted plaster walls or building components is usually performed by striking a wall with a sledge hammer or similar tool. This process is repeated several times until the metal is too cold to pour. Engineering control can also be said to be is a piece of equipment, a machine, or mechanical device designed to minimise the harm associated with a hazard. The PEC is first cleaned with a germicidal detergent. K. Manual Scraping and Sanding of Lead-Based Paints, L. Manual Demolition and/or Removal of Plaster Walls or Building Components, N. Chemical Stripping of Lead-Based Paint. Soldering and brazing operations present similar health hazards (airborne lead fumes) but to a different degree. Blowing with compressed air is generally prohibited as a cleaning method, unless the compressed air is used in conjunction with a ventilation system that is designed to capture the airborne dust created by the compressed air (e.g. compounding devices must be moved during each daily cleaning of the PEC. Other members of the household may then be exposed to harmful amounts of lead. A safety device that detects the flow of current to the ground and opens the circuit to interrupt the flow. Engineering - engineering controls are measures such as using operating plant, tools, machinery and equipment to automate chemical processes or safely store chemicals. Engineering controls, including facility construction and design elements in the laboratory space; Safety equipment, including personal protective equipment (PPE) and biosafety cabinets; Administrative controls, including specific access, training, and occupational medicine policies; and The main ways to control a hazard include: Elimination: remove the hazard from the workplace. While elements of the PPE program depend on the work process and the identified PPE, the program should address: Employers should not rely on PPE alone to control hazards when other effective control options are available. Engineering controls function with minimum user input and do not rely on the skill or vigilance of individuals. Encapsulation refers to processes that makes lead paint inaccessible by covering or sealing the lead-painted surfaces. Additional exposures to lead can occur when lead sheets and bricks are fused with a welding torch or cut with a power saw when they are made into shielding containers. Sash airlock chamber. Calculate the viscosity of the fluid. Using engineering controls as the next best line of defense. Productivity is lower than for open abrasive blasting using more traditional abrasives, according to contractors who have used this product (CONSAD 1993). needle guns) with vacuum attachments, etc. To the extent possible, replacing lead chromate with zinc. Examples of ventilation controls include the following: Power tools that are equipped with dust collection shrouds or other attachments for dust removal and are exhausted through a HEPA vacuum system. The various environmental controls include: Engineering controls are the type of controls that protect workers by removing hazardous conditions or by placing a barrier between the worker and the hazard. For all three groups of tasks, employers are required to provide respiratory protection appropriate to the task's presumed exposure level, protective work clothing and equipment, change areas, hand-washing facilities, training, and the initial medical surveillance prescribed by paragraph (d)(2)(v) of the standard (29 CFR 1926.62). Workers who do not shower and change into clean clothing before leaving the worksite may contaminate their homes and vehicles with lead dust. An inset illustration also shows a fume-extractor gun in use. The personal hygiene measures described above will reduce worker exposure to lead and decrease the likelihood of lead absorption caused by ingestion or inhalation of lead particles. To conduct these efforts, NIOSH works collaboratively with partners both in the United States and around the world. d. DNA and phospholipids, Calculate the mass, in grams, in 0.150mol0.150 \mathrm{~mol}0.150mol of each of the following: These techniques use heat in the form of a propane, MAPP gas, or oxyacetylene flame and a filler metal (tin/lead compositions, rosin core, brazing rods) to accomplish the task of joining. Lead exposures are generated when a piece of lead-based painted steel is heated to its melting point either by an oxyacetylene torch or an arc welder. This chapter also describes those lead-related tasks and operations that give rise to lead exposures among construction workers. Finally, because only the paint is removed, the surface may need to be "brush-off" blasted with an abrasive to produce a rough surface to facilitate adhesion of the new coating. The cost of cryogenic cleaning, however, is still often prohibitive. Partial or full containments can be used to contain entire structures or portions thereof. Some chemical stripping products are toxic (e.g. Smith, Michael Abbott. Welding and cutting activities that potentially involve exposure to lead can occur as part of a number of construction projects such as highway/railroad bridge rehabilitation (including elevated mass-transit lines), demolition, and indoor and outdoor industrial facility maintenance and renovation. Engineering controls can include modifying equipment or the workspace, using protective barriers, ventilation, and more. The exposure ranges assigned to the different categories of tasks are based on data collected by OSHA and other sources including two advisory groups. Internet Cafe Near Me, Gakirah Barnes Brother, Zante 21 Day Weather Forecast, Articles E
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engineering controls and containment devices quizlet

engineering controls and containment devices quizlet

CDC twenty four seven. The removal and repair of stained-glass windows includes several distinct activities: Removing the glass from the building and tracing the location of the pieces of glass; Disassembling the lead strips ("came") and removing the lead putty seals; Cleaning or replacing of the individual pieces of glass; and, Only the first activity, removal, takes place at the construction site. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. /Contents 15 0 R Structures that are typically cleaned by open abrasive blasting are bridges, tanks and towers, locks and dams, pipe racks, pressure vessels and process equipment, supporting steel, and metal buildings. Because of the water, this kind of jetting generates little dust. Some fundamental and easily implemented work practices are: (1) good housekeeping, (2) use of appropriate personal hygiene practices, (3) periodic inspection and maintenance of process and control equipment, (4) use of proper procedures to perform a task, (5) provision of supervision to ensure that the proper procedures are followed, and (6) use of administrative controls. When employee airborne exposures to lead are above the PEL, the employer must provide employees with a clean change area that is equipped with storage facilities for street clothes and a separate area with facilities for the removal and storage of lead-contaminated protective work clothing and equipment. After relocating the containment structure, the framing and plastic nylon coverings for the sides are reinstalled before blasting and repainting operations begin. You can compound non-hazardous materials in hazardous areas but not the other way around, Initial installation As the enclosures are torn down and moved, the workers involved are exposed to lead dust generated by the movement of the containment components. 4 0 obj Engineering Controls. The containment must be constructed to collect water rather than to control dust emissions. /T1_4 7 0 R The only difference in the provisions applying to the three categories of tasks is the degree of respiratory protection required. In addition, employees must not enter lunchroom facilities or eating areas while wearing protective work clothing or equipment unless surface lead dust has first been removed from the clothing or equipment by vacuuming or another cleaning method that limits dispersion of lead dust. Complete containment of noise, heat, or pressure-producing processes. Personal hygiene is also an important element in any program to protect workers from exposure to lead dust. >> By directing a worker to position the exhaust hood properly or to improve work practice, such as standing to the side or upwind of the cutting torch to avoid the smoke plume, a supervisor can do much to minimize unnecessary employee exposure to airborne contaminants. /T1_3 10 0 R Engineering controlsreduce or prevent hazards from coming into contact with workers. Engineering controls are designs or modifications to equipment, industrial plants, processes, or systems that reduce the risk of worker exposure to a hazard. The kinds of facilities where vacuuming could result in lead exposure include nonferrous metal plants (excluding aluminum) or steel plants melting lead-containing scrap in an electric-arc furnace. The lead exposure of this group of workers can be caused either by the activities of their co-workers or their own work-related activities. 0000029049 00000 n CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. /TrimBox [0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0] Full containment refers to a relatively tight enclosure (with tarps that are generally impermeable and fully sealed joints and entryways) where minimal or no fugitive emissions are expected to reach the outside environment. Such extraction systems can reduce breathing zone concentrations by 70% or more (Hughes and Amendola, 1982). 0000016984 00000 n If feasible, design the facility, equipment, or process to remove the hazard and/or substitute something that is not hazardous or is less hazardous. Y. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Local exhaust ventilation, which includes both portable ventilation systems and shrouded tools supplied with ventilation, is generally the preferred method. What Does Engineering Controls Mean? Small areas and areas with gross irregularities cannot be effectively sealed by the shroud. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Garbing An environmentally approved device that burns waste gas is collected from various process sources to reduce pressure. Occupational Safety & Health Administration. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Containment primary engineering control (C-PEC)the device in which compounds are mixed, including a containment ventilated enclosure (CVE) commonly called powder hoods, a biological safety cabinet (BSC), and a compounding aseptic . Work surface. If the lead debris can be adequately filtered from the water, the volume of debris is low. Lint free towels or wipes are to be used to wipe the surface of the PEC. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Intermediate or finish coats of paint are applied later. /BleedBox [0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0] A recent NIOSH publication (NIOSH 1992) points out the dangers of "take-home" lead contamination. In addition, the volume of water required is reduced, with less than five gallons per minute typically used. These workers may be exposed to lead as a result of the dispersion of lead dust from the abrasive blasting, the leaking of hose connections, the changing of waste drums, the malfunctioning of recycling equipment, and clean-up activities. Explain your reasoning using thermodynamic concepts. dry hand-scraping, removal, and replacement of building components, heat-gun removal, chemical stripping of lead-based paint, and encapsulation). Waagbo, S. and McPhee, W. 1991. Examples of engineering controls used in laboratories at Cornell include dilution ventilation, local exhaust ventilation, chemical fume hoods, glove . Engineering controls, when feasible, are considered the first line of defense for avoiding exposure to bloodborne pathogens. After inspection of the lining, the damaged pointing (i.e. Health hazards arise from lead dust released into the air during glass removal. e. C6H14\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{14}C6H14, PECs are designed to maintain ISO Class _______ air quality in the compounding work zone, PEC with Unidirectional, linear airflow at a fixed velocity within a confined area, Air that exits the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter is called ______ _____, HEPA filter Removes _______% of particles _____ micron, HEPA filters use positive velocity (______ feet per minute 20%) to prevent room air from entering clean zone, When airflow is compromised in a laminar flow hood it creates a, Zone of turbulence is ____X the diameter of the object The abrasive itself can either be disposed of or cleaned and recycled. Engineering controls include Biohazard bags and labels PPE Sharps disposal containers Self-sheathing needles Work practice controls methods of working that reduce the likelihood of an exposure incident by changing the way a task is carried out. Bags and containers must be labeled to indicate that they contain lead-containing waste. These Plans help facilities prevent oil spill, as well as control a spill should one occur. with a less hazardous one. Exposures may result from the release of dust and paint-chip particles when these items are removed with a prybar or cut with a saw. Engineering controls are the first line of defense in protecting workers from hazardous exposures. Consequently, appropriate controls must be implemented when using chemical strippers. 0000006651 00000 n Engineering controls means constructed containment barriers or systems that control one or more of the following: downward migration, infiltration, or seepage of surface runoff or rain; or natural leaching migration of contaminants through the subsurface over time. The SPCC rule requires facilities to develop, maintain, and implement an oil spill prevention plan, called an SPCC Plan. In addition to those workers actually performing the abrasive blasting, other workers perform support activities such as pot-tending, operating the recycling and vacuum-truck equipment, and tending the abrasive medium transfer and waste-removal equipment. High-pressure water can remove loose paint and rust, but will not efficiently remove tight paint or tight rust, or mill scale. A. Containment-ventilated enclosure and laminar air flow workbench B. Laminar air flow workbench and compounding aseptic isolator C. Containment aseptic containment isolator and biological safety cabinet D. Containment-ventilated . /Length 1931 h{pU>M6A,UP#(Bw)m B6YHQDT-"jD)J S:82(x7iIwOn 0%1D3 UfG%4*)hzU; Enclosure and isolation targeted at keeping the chemical in and the researcher out, or visa versa. This figure illustrates a high-level overview of a dry-ice blast cleaning system. Clean change areas are used to remove street clothes, to suit up in clean work clothes (protective clothing), and to don respirators prior to beginning work, and to dress in street clothes after work. Controls of this type generally involve scheduling of the work or the worker. Legionnaire's Disease, see OSHA's Safety and Health Topics Page for updated information. This may include: PPE is equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards. Examples of Hazards Where Engineering Controls are Effective, NIOSH Engineering Controls Research Program, Engineering Control Topics on the NIOSH Science Blog, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Developing administrative controls and safe work practices to reduce exposures to safe levels. In addition, these measures will minimize employee exposure to lead after the work shift ends, significantly reduce the movement of lead from the worksite, and provide added protection to employees and their families. outside via a properly functioning _______ _________, Cabinet supply fans draw room air (plus a portion of /T1_2 8 0 R Which type of Laminar Flow Hood should not be used for hazardous chemicals? Containment or enclosure structures can be broadly classified as either partial or full. Primary Engineering Controls (PECs). Blast cleaning with recyclable abrasive such as steel grit or aluminum oxide requires specialized equipment for vacuuming or collecting the abrasive for reuse, separating the lead dust and fines from the reusable abrasive, and, in the case of steel grit, maintaining clean, dry air to avoid rusting of the abrasive. /T1_5 11 0 R They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. However, in choosing alternative methods, a hazard evaluation should be conducted to identify inherent hazards of the method and equipment. endobj The relatively small volume of dust generated by this method can help to reduce containment requirements, although some screens and tarping are necessary to isolate the work area and to allow the sponge and debris to be collected. _________-pressure buffer room, For Hazardous Compounding: The demolition of lead-painted plaster walls or building components is usually performed by striking a wall with a sledge hammer or similar tool. This process is repeated several times until the metal is too cold to pour. Engineering control can also be said to be is a piece of equipment, a machine, or mechanical device designed to minimise the harm associated with a hazard. The PEC is first cleaned with a germicidal detergent. K. Manual Scraping and Sanding of Lead-Based Paints, L. Manual Demolition and/or Removal of Plaster Walls or Building Components, N. Chemical Stripping of Lead-Based Paint. Soldering and brazing operations present similar health hazards (airborne lead fumes) but to a different degree. Blowing with compressed air is generally prohibited as a cleaning method, unless the compressed air is used in conjunction with a ventilation system that is designed to capture the airborne dust created by the compressed air (e.g. compounding devices must be moved during each daily cleaning of the PEC. Other members of the household may then be exposed to harmful amounts of lead. A safety device that detects the flow of current to the ground and opens the circuit to interrupt the flow. Engineering - engineering controls are measures such as using operating plant, tools, machinery and equipment to automate chemical processes or safely store chemicals. Engineering controls, including facility construction and design elements in the laboratory space; Safety equipment, including personal protective equipment (PPE) and biosafety cabinets; Administrative controls, including specific access, training, and occupational medicine policies; and The main ways to control a hazard include: Elimination: remove the hazard from the workplace. While elements of the PPE program depend on the work process and the identified PPE, the program should address: Employers should not rely on PPE alone to control hazards when other effective control options are available. Engineering controls function with minimum user input and do not rely on the skill or vigilance of individuals. Encapsulation refers to processes that makes lead paint inaccessible by covering or sealing the lead-painted surfaces. Additional exposures to lead can occur when lead sheets and bricks are fused with a welding torch or cut with a power saw when they are made into shielding containers. Sash airlock chamber. Calculate the viscosity of the fluid. Using engineering controls as the next best line of defense. Productivity is lower than for open abrasive blasting using more traditional abrasives, according to contractors who have used this product (CONSAD 1993). needle guns) with vacuum attachments, etc. To the extent possible, replacing lead chromate with zinc. Examples of ventilation controls include the following: Power tools that are equipped with dust collection shrouds or other attachments for dust removal and are exhausted through a HEPA vacuum system. The various environmental controls include: Engineering controls are the type of controls that protect workers by removing hazardous conditions or by placing a barrier between the worker and the hazard. For all three groups of tasks, employers are required to provide respiratory protection appropriate to the task's presumed exposure level, protective work clothing and equipment, change areas, hand-washing facilities, training, and the initial medical surveillance prescribed by paragraph (d)(2)(v) of the standard (29 CFR 1926.62). Workers who do not shower and change into clean clothing before leaving the worksite may contaminate their homes and vehicles with lead dust. An inset illustration also shows a fume-extractor gun in use. The personal hygiene measures described above will reduce worker exposure to lead and decrease the likelihood of lead absorption caused by ingestion or inhalation of lead particles. To conduct these efforts, NIOSH works collaboratively with partners both in the United States and around the world. d. DNA and phospholipids, Calculate the mass, in grams, in 0.150mol0.150 \mathrm{~mol}0.150mol of each of the following: These techniques use heat in the form of a propane, MAPP gas, or oxyacetylene flame and a filler metal (tin/lead compositions, rosin core, brazing rods) to accomplish the task of joining. Lead exposures are generated when a piece of lead-based painted steel is heated to its melting point either by an oxyacetylene torch or an arc welder. This chapter also describes those lead-related tasks and operations that give rise to lead exposures among construction workers. Finally, because only the paint is removed, the surface may need to be "brush-off" blasted with an abrasive to produce a rough surface to facilitate adhesion of the new coating. The cost of cryogenic cleaning, however, is still often prohibitive. Partial or full containments can be used to contain entire structures or portions thereof. Some chemical stripping products are toxic (e.g. Smith, Michael Abbott. Welding and cutting activities that potentially involve exposure to lead can occur as part of a number of construction projects such as highway/railroad bridge rehabilitation (including elevated mass-transit lines), demolition, and indoor and outdoor industrial facility maintenance and renovation. Engineering controls can include modifying equipment or the workspace, using protective barriers, ventilation, and more. The exposure ranges assigned to the different categories of tasks are based on data collected by OSHA and other sources including two advisory groups.

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