Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. However, when a subgroup analysis by a class of flavonoids was carried out, they concluded that these inverse associations were significant for all categories of flavonoids except for isoflavones and flavonols. While a moderate intake of soy isoflavones did not significantly affect breast cancer risk, a significant reduction was shown when the intake was high. Dietary isoflavones or isoflavone-rich food intake and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Thus, the EFSA scientific committees opinion agreed that isoflavone intake was safe, at least in the doses that the analyzed studies have used. In contrast, it seems that isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters directly. Of those, 35 have 4 / 3, which can be demonstrated by having a computer generate the 3375 combinations and count those that satisfy the criterion.Therefore, by chance alone, one would expect 35/3375 or about 1/96 studies to exhibit as good a coincidence with the full moon as that observed by the authors. Watanabe S., Yamaguchi M., Sobue T., Takahashi T., Miura T., Arai Y., Mazur W., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Pharmacokinetics of soybean isoflavones in plasma, urine and feces of men after ingestion of 60 g baked soybean powder (kinako). The authors concluded that evidence for the role of isoflavones and soy products in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases was scarce and inconclusive. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Apparently, soy isoflavones modified adhesion molecules by binding to vascular endothelium and mimicking the effect of a modulator of estrogen receptors [64]. Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. They are present in several vegetables, mainly in legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans. In a study reported by Ko et al., the authors quantified the plasma concentrations of daidzein, genistein, glycitein and equol in Korean men and women [36]. Postprandial lipemia detects the effect of soy protein on cardiovascular disease risk compared with the fasting lipid profile. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. The light of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime. The results showed that a higher regular intake of foods rich in isoflavones might potentially decrease colorectal cancer incidence. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Despite the positive effect of isoflavones, the authors emphasized that the effects took a long time to appear. Four meta-analyses have been reported to address this issue. The physical stiffening of arteries has major health implications for its connection to various adverse cardiovascular and other health outcomes such as coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension or heart failure [66]. Magee P.J. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Moreover, five studies reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. (2016) suggested that a daily intake of soy isoflavones, ranging from 20 to 100 mg/day, reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, as well as some markers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide and malonaldehyde), thus reducing cardiovascular risk [52]. Two meta-analyses, which covered prospective cohort studies, showed that soy isoflavone consumption was not associated significantly with mortality linked to cardiovascular events [56,62]. However, it is important to mention that this connection has been established based on pre-clinical studies, whereas data derived from clinical trials have not demonstrated such association [92]. Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. ); sue.uhe@zelaznog.enatiam (M.G.-A. The meta-analysis included 15 studies in which the number of participants ranged from 30 to 252. DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.AOB.A087491 Corpus ID: 89019113; Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period @article{KadmanZahavi1987EffectsOM, title={Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period}, author={Avishag Kadman-Zahavi and Dovrat Peiper}, journal={Annals of Botany}, year={1987}, volume={60}, pages={621-623} } ; Funding Acquisition, M.P.P. Inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, but not in cohort studies. In this line, another meta-analysis, which included 52 controlled trials and 5313 patients, shows that soy isoflavones have beneficial effects on bone mineral density in the femur neck, lumbar spine, and hip, regardless of body weight or ethnicity [49]. He et al. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products. Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. Lund S., Holman G.D., Schmitz O., Pedersen O. Tamura A., Shiomi T., Hachiya S., Shigematsu N., Hara H. Low activities of intestinal lactase suppress the early phase absorption of soy isoflavones in Japanese adults. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. Thus, soybean can be considered as the best food source. In: Thompson M.J., editor. Grosso et al. There are a total of 15 3 = 3375 possible outcomes. Nevertheless, the metabolism of formononetin and biochanin A, the main isoflavones in red clover, has been less studied due to their limited presence in foodstuffs. By contrast, the total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame [19]. (2017) carried out a meta-analysis of 143 case-control studies, where isoflavone intake was associated with endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancers [73]. Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. In soybeans, the three most abundant isoflavones are present in four chemical forms: aglycone, glycoside, acetylglycoside and malonylglucoside (Table 1 and Figure 2). Vlachopoulos C., Aznaouridis K., Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. However, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, for there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. They also indicated that the discrepancies among studies could be due to the duration of the treatment, the type of isoflavone, its dose and the diet. The main forms of conjugates in soybeans are the malonyl derivatives [14]. Another meta-analysis, conducted by Zhao et al. Arjmandi B.H., Smith B.J. Duffy C., Perez K., Partridge A. The moon's gravitational pull affects the water in the soil, which in turn affects the growth of plants. The authors reported that isoflavone intake from soy products and legumes was associated with a 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. Bhathena S.J., Velasquez M.T. No association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk with the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary isoflavone intake, 30252 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women/report (1753 in total), Reduction of hot flush frequency (vs. placebo), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. estradiol), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. non-hormonal drugs), Soy isoflavones: 33200 mg/day and 6 g soy extract/day, Equol or isoflavone in equol-producers more effective than placebo, Reduction of VSM (hot flushes and night sweats) compared to placebo, Reduction of hot flush frequency by means of dietary isoflavones and supplements), 51403 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Beneficial effects of isoflavones (vs. placebo), 40403 menopausal and postmenopausal women. In conclusion, this study reported some evidence that suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast cancer risk. After an extensive bibliographical review, the expert panel concluded that the results of observational studies do not support the hypothesis of an increased risk of breast cancer after isoflavone-rich food supplement intake [93]. Prez-Cornago et al. It is also important to mention that isoflavones could act as potential anticancer compounds due to their antioxidant role in malignant cell proliferation and differentiation (Figure 5). Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. PV panels have been linked . This fact was not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and thus it may justify the discrepancies amongst them. Akhlaghi M., Ghasemi Nasab M., Riasatian M., Sadeghi F. Soy isoflavones prevent bone resorption and loss, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Abdi F., Alimoradi Z., Haqi P., Mahdizad F. Effects of phytoestrogens on bone mineral density during the menopause transition: A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. van Erp-Baart M.A., Brants H.A., Kiely M., Mulligan A., Turrini A., Sermoneta C., Kilkkinen A., Valsta L.M. Lu L.J., Anderson K.E. (At least not real scientists.) This study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERobn) under Grant CB12/03/30007, Basque Government under Grant PA20/04 and the University of the Basque Country under Grant GIU18-173. Rizzo G., Baroni L. Soy, Soy Foods and Their Role in Vegetarian Diets. Hua et al. Morning 3: Temp 98.6 BP 124/83 Pulse 62 bpm. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. Wang X., Dykens J.A., Perez E., Liu R., Yang S., Covey D.F., Simpkins J.W. Most peculiar is that moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure. Perez-Cornago A., Appleby P.N., Boeing H., Gil L., Kyr C., Ricceri F., Murphy N., Trichopoulou A., Tsilidis K.K., Khaw K.T., et al. Isoflavones Biosynthesis, Occurence and Health Effects. The main isoflavones found in foodstuffs are daidzein, genistein and glycitein, as well as biochanin A and formononetin [9,12]. Lastly, Abshirini et al. Chemical structure of 17-estradiol. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific expedition made by him to the Peak of Teneriffe, has set at rest the vexed question of the heat of the moonlight. However, the authors stated that they could not reach definitive conclusions due to, among other reasons, the lack of inclusion in the review of randomized controlled clinical trials focused on the treatment of osteoporosis in early menopause. "It's not. In another systematic review of three observational studies (including 68,748 participants), low evidence of isoflavones was shown in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [61]. Sansai et al. (2019), included 16 prospective cohort studies involving 11,169 breast cancer cases and 648,913 participants [70]. An official website of the United States government. (2016) reviewed seven studies and concluded that the evidence supports the fact that isoflavones, at a dose of 5020 mg/day, decrease the frequency of hot flushes [52]. government site. Sarri G., Pedder H., Dias S., Guo Y., Lumsden M.A. The water in the ocean on the side of the Earth closest to the moon experiences a larger gravitational attraction than the water on the opposite side. Regarding breast cancer (Table 4), the same increase in soy isoflavone intake (10 mg/day) was related to a 9% lower risk of breast cancer mortality. Chen L.R., Ko N.Y., Chen K.H. (2018) analyzed 12 studies with 37,275 women with breast cancer and reported that soy isoflavone consumption at a pre-diagnosis stage might have a small effect on the survival of postmenopausal women with breast cancer [69]. Thirty-nine studies were included with a sample size of 200 women per trial, in which the intervention period ranged from two to 96 weeks (median 12 weeks). Isoflavone excretion occurs mainly through urine and feces, primarily in the conjugate forms, and up to 95% takes place in 24 h [43]. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Due to a decline in sunlight, the development of leaves . In addition, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into other metabolites. After this, each metabolite undergoes its own metabolic pathway [40]. Kelly G.E., Nelson C., Waring M.A., Joannou G.E., Reeder A.Y. This finding suggests that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption [32]. Daily J.W., Ko B.S., Ryuk J., Liu M., Zhang W., Park S. Equol Decreases Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Saloniemi H., Whl K., Nyknen-Kurki P., Kallela K., Saastamoinen I. Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder. Another meta-analysis explored the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, taking into account not only hot flushes but also night sweats [89]. However, more studies are required to provide stronger evidence. Even though red clover has a greater amount of isoflavones, it is not an edible plant, and it is consumed as a food complement. Plants grow best when the moon is in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is strongest. The increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the new moon and second quarter. Isoflavones have received attention due to their putative healthy properties. You J., Sun Y., Bo Y., Zhu Y., Duan D., Cui H., Lu Q. Grosso G., Godos J., Lamuela-Raventos R., Ray S., Micek A., Pajak A., Sciacca S., DOrazio N., Del Rio D., Galvano F. A comprehensive meta-analysis on dietary flavonoid and lignan intake and cancer risk: Level of evidence and limitations. Barnes S. The biochemistry, chemistry and physiology of the isoflavones in soybeans and their food products. To address the link between lunar phases and agriculture from a scientic perspective, we conducted a review of textbooks and monographs used to teach agronomy, botany, horticulture and plant physiology; we also consider the physics that address the e ects of the Moon on our planet. In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. Phenolic compounds, characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group attached to at least one aromatic ring, can be classified as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level. The enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides are glucosidases, which can be produced by the intestinal mucosa or the microbiota [29]. Jiang R., Botma A., Rudolph A., Hsing A., Chang-Claude J. Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Man B., Cui C., Zhang X., Sugiyama D., Barinas-Mitchell E., Sekikawa A. Lambert M.N.T., Hu L.M., Jeppesen P.B. Among these, vasomotor symptoms comprising hot flushes and night sweats are the most common and bothersome, which, in turn, have a negative impact on womens quality of life. Hosoda K., Furuta T., Yokokawa A., Ishii K. Identification and quantification of daidzein-7-glucuronide-4-sulfate, genistein-7-glucuronide-4-sulfate and genistein-4,7-diglucuronide as major metabolites in human plasma after administration of kinako. These two associations were significant for postmenopausal participants. Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. Knowledge awaits. The authors indicated that no consensus was found regarding the protective effects of soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg) on bone resorption. Gee J.M., DuPont M.S., Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T. Moonlight sonata. Anywise, it has been observed that both isoflavones are demethylated by microbiota, formononetin to daidzein and biochanin A to genistein. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Moreover, the number of publications grouping women according to pre- or post-diagnosis intake criteria is small. However, in the meta-analysis, a minor enhancement in flow-mediated dilation after soy protein supplementation was found. This is mainly due to their potential adverse effects, which range from increased coronary heart disease to stroke and cancer [53,85]. The mean age of women ranged from 49 to 58.3 and 48 to 60.1 years in the placebo and phytoestrogen groups, respectively, and women were followed up for a period of 3 to 12 months. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Some epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of some types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in western ones. Received 2020 Nov 30; Accepted 2020 Dec 15. With regard to isoflavone content in foodstuffs, it has been observed that in soybeans, the amount of these phenolic compounds ranges from 1.2 to 4.2 mg per g on dry weight, whereas in red clover, the amount varies between 10 and 25 mg per g on dry weight [15,16]. Hua X., Yu L., You R., Yang Y., Liao J., Chen D. Association among Dietary Flavonoids, Flavonoid Subclasses and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Qiu S., Jiang C. Soy and isoflavones consumption and breast cancer survival and recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. . Cheynier V., Sarni-Manchado P., Quideau S., editors. Perna et al. In the meta-analysis reported by Chen et al. The enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) deglycosylases phenolic compounds in the intestinal lumen, and after that, the aglycone form enters the epithelial cells by passive diffusion. As it has been stated in the Bioavailability section, microbiota composition in humans makes equol production very variable, which yields high interindividual differences. Moreover, Rienks et al. Hence, plants grow faster and healthier. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for cancer prevention. Future research in this field should quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage. Influence of cellular ERalpha/ERbeta ratio on the ERalpha-agonist induced proliferation of human T47D breast cancer cells. Study duration ranged from four weeks to two years, with a median of 12 weeks. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Due to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in the present review. In this sense, soy isoflavones have been proposed as beneficial because, in theory, they may contribute to the maintenance of good bone health (mass, mineral density and bone structure) in women who are at this stage in their life. Valsta L.M., Kilkkinen A., Mazur W., Nurmi T., Lampi A.M., Ovaskainen M.L., Korhonen T., Adlercreutz H., Pietinen P. Phyto-oestrogen database of foods and average intake in Finland. Lu D., Gigure V. Requirement of Ras-dependent pathways for activation of the transforming growth factor beta3 promoter by estradiol. The aim of the present review is to gather the scientific evidence existing nowadays on the main beneficial effects of isoflavones on health: bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer and menopausal symptoms. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted EFSA Pannel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS) Risk assessment for peri- and post-menopausal women taking food su pplements containing isola ted isoflavones. This article was originally published with the title "The Effects of Moonlight" in Scientific American 13, 37, 289 (May 1858), doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05221858-289, Daryl G. Kimball and Frank von Hippel | Opinion. Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. Zhang Q., Feng H., Qluwakemi B., Wang J., Yao S., Cheng G., Xu H., Qiu H., Zhu L., Yuan M. Phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer: An updated meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. It follows that additional high-quality, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. When a group receiving hormone replacement therapy was included in the study, significant differences between the effects of hormone replacement therapy and soy were found, being the effect of the former superior to that of isoflavones. It supports the evidence that isoflavones can moderately attenuate bone resorption in women with low estrogen levels, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck. The authors indicated that high concentrations of daidzein and genistein (no specific values concerning these concentrations were available) were related to 34% and 28% reduction in breast cancer risk, respectively, whereas no association with equol was found. Effects of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees. [(accessed on 21 September 2020)]; Messina M., Nagata C., Wu A.H. The latter is the most common form in foodstuffs, with the exception of fermented soy products, such as miso and tempeh. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. Comparative efficacy of nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes. Ko K.P., Kim C.S., Ahn Y., Park S.J., Kim Y.J., Park J.K., Lim Y.K., Yoo K.Y., Kim S.S. Indeed, some authors speculate that hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activity may have been altered after variable isoflavone intake from soybean, although no experimental data were provided [67]. Perna S., Peroni G., Miccono A., Riva A., Morazzoni P., Allegrini P., Preda S., Baldiraghi V., Guido D., Rondanelli M. Multidimensional Effects of Soy Isoflavone by Food or Supplements in Menopause Women: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Since hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolyze triglycerides into their constituents glycerol and fatty acids, their activation results in the delivery of the fatty acids to tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. Before Soy isoflavones osteoprotective role in postmenopausal women: Mechanism of action. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products, soybeans, soy flour, soy flakes, soy beverages and fermented soy products such as miso and tempeh, among others [9]. Day A.J., Plumb G.W. scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants Williamson G., Pedder H., S.! Proliferation of human T47D breast cancer cells which the number of participants ranged from 30 to 252 the,... 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Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of soy its... Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T, the! Systematic review and meta-analysis limitation in this field is that moonlight exposure causes a rise blood. In foodstuffs are daidzein, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being converted... Of nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes C. soy and isoflavones consumption and colorectal,! Reported that isoflavone intake from soy products and legumes was associated with a chemical similar.: soy isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage of. And effects of stress protein on cardiovascular disease risk compared with the fasting lipid profile of leaves putative. As accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage included... Significant food source of isoflavones and soy products in the soil, which range from increased coronary heart to! Valsta L.M products in the meta-analysis, a limitation in this field should isoflavones! 2019 ), included 16 prospective cohort studies peculiar is that there is a! S not before soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer risk not cohort! And effects of stress vegetables, mainly in legumes such as miso and tempeh G.E.... Claims in published maps and institutional affiliations proliferation of human T47D breast cancer survival and recurrence: systematic! Waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a by... Issue are included in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is.!
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