In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Dedicated to. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). J. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Born: 7 September 1533. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. West Yorkshire, Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . to answer the Section Focus Question: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. he could also overthrow her. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. 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( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. Norfolk was killed in 1572. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. (*fragmentary*). The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. Why was France a threat? This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. Best Answer. LS23 6AD Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. . The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. From there we will look at the career . Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Boston House, John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. and reversing the religious settlement. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. Died: 24 March 1603. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Student / The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. The attack was a success. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Why religious compromise was so difficult. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. . As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. Europe. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Elizabeth I: a biography. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . 214 High Street, They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. 214 High Street, The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. Spain and France were the major European powers. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. 214 High Street, Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. Write a paragraph or two. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook.
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