Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. This value of 12 is uncommon in other G categories other than G1. The network was obtained using the biallelic markers P303, M426, L497, U1, M527 and 19 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461 (TAGA counts), DYS385a,b, DYS437, DYS438, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, YGATAH4). Although the phylogenetic resolution within hg G has progressed,1, 17 a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of significant hg G sub-clades has not been conducted. [6], A more eastern origin has also been mentioned, believed by some to originate in an area close to the Himalayan foothills. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80: 759768. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. Whereas the presence of Mideastern mtDNA in Tuscany43 supports the model of early Iron Age migrants from Anatolia (putative Etruscans) colonizing Central Italy,44 the occurrence of the G2a3b1c-L497 lineage in Italy is most likely associated to migratory flows from the north. Thus, these estimates should be viewed as the upper bounds of dispersal times. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). The fragments were run on the ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). The 12f2a mutation, which characterizes haplogroup J, was observed in 445 subjects. Included within G-L91 are some men with double values for STR marker DYS19, but there are also G2a2 men with this finding who are not L91+. Haplogroup G represents one of the first peoples in Europe. Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ et al. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. Semino et al. The frequency data were converted into isofrequency maps using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc., Golden, CO, USA), following the kriging algorithm using advanced options to use bodies of waters as breaklines. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ et al. G2a2b2a is also found in India. There are seeming pockets of unusual concentrations within Europe. Interestingly, the decrease of hg G frequency towards the eastern European populations inhabiting the area adjacent to NW Caucasus, such as southern Russians and Ukrainians,18, 40 is very rapid and the borderline very sharp, indicating that gene flow from the Caucasus in the northern direction has been negligible. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15: 485493. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 348353. The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective. In Egypt, studies have provided information that pegs the G percentage there to be between 2% and 9%. The next largest subclade of G-P303 is characterized by the presence of the U1 mutation. Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. We estimate that the geographic origin of hg G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12: 855863. A separate study on the Argyns found that 71% of males belong to G1. His male-line descendants appear to remained rooted in the region for tens of thousands of years while the Ice Age was in full swing. Among Turkish males 11% of the population is G.[6] In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country. The phylogeny obtained for haplogroup Q-M378 comprising 5.2% of the Ashkenazi paternal variation 24, shows a similar pattern to that observed for haplogroup G-M377 (Supplemental Figure S5). Considering these issues, we acknowledge that the variance of the age estimates may be underestimated. Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. Notably no basal G-M201*, Page94*(xM285, P287) chromosomes were detected in our data set. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. It encompasses a small group of Hispanic men who also so far all have the odd value of 13,21 at the YCA marker. It is not found among Native Americans except where intermarriage with non-native persons has occurred. It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including: G-L91 was identified in 2009. In human genetics, Haplogroup G-P303 ( G2a2b2a, [2] formerly G2a3b1) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Spatial frequency maps for sub-clades (panels bf) were obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc.), following the kriging algorithm with option to use bodies of water as breaklines. A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. PubMedGoogle Scholar. PLoS One 2011; 6: e20232. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. First, the G2a1-P16 lineage is effectively Caucasus specific and accounts for about one-third of the Caucasian male gene pool (Figure 2f). The final major subclade is characterized by presence of the SNP Z1903 and by a value of 9 at marker DYS568. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all G2 subclades represent a small number of haplogroup G men. The SNP L177 (a.k.a. Using Y-STR data, the Td expansion time for all combined P15-affiliated chromosomes was estimated to be 150822217 years ago. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. Haplogroup G2a1 (also known as G-FGC753 and previously as G-L293) and its subclades represent the majority of haplogroup G samples in some parts of the Caucasus Mountains area. These are found at: rs9786910, rs9786537, rs2713254, rs35567891 and rs34621155 on the Y chromosome. It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G-M377 haplotypes in other populations this is some indication that G-M377 occurs at low levels in the Near East. Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. (a)(f) Spatial frequency maps of haplogroup G (hg G) and its sub-clades with frequencies over 10%. King RJ, DiCristofaro J, Kouvatsi A et al. Cinnioglu C, King R, Kivisild T et al. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 873882. Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J : Improved resolution haplogroup G phylogeny in the Y chromosome, revealed by a set of newly characterized SNPs. Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Jrve M et al. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. Distribution. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians. Principal component analysis based on G sub-haplogroup frequencies was performed using the freeware POPSTR program (http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/). Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cinnioglu C et al. [38][self-published source?] G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17: 820830. G-CTS2488 or G2a2b2 (also known as G-L141.1; previously G-141 and G2a3b) was identified only in mid-2009 at Family Tree DNA. The L141 mutation involves an insertion.[35]. G-M201 has also been found in Neolithic Anatolian sites such as Boncuklu dating back to 8300-7600 BCE, and Barcin dating back to 6419-6238 BCE. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72: 205214. [21] In a study of 936 Indians, haplogroup G made up less than 1% of the sample and was completely absent in the tested Northwestern Indian population. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. While it is found in percentages higher than 10% among the Bakhtiari, Talysh people, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Iranian Azeris, it is closer to 5% among the Iranian Arabs and in some large cities. Its estimated Td of 120953000 years ago suggests considerable antiquity allowing time to accumulate STR diversity and also to disperse relatively widely. [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. In contrast to its widely dispersed sister clade defined by P303, hg G-M406 has a peak frequency in Cappadocia, Mediterranean Anatolia and Central Anatolia (67%) and it is not detected in most other regions with considerable P303 frequency. These five major sub-clades of the G2 branch show distinct distribution patterns over the whole area of their spread. This group was created for the folks who's paternal Y-DNA reflects they belong to haplogroup G2a (G-P15). [10], A skeleton found at the Neolithic cemetery known as Derenburg Meerenstieg II, in Saxony-Anhalt Germany, apparently belonged to G2a3 (G-S126) or a subclade. Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b). Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). The G-P303 phylogenetic network was constructed using 248 G2a3b-P303-derived 19-locus haplotypes from populations representing Europe, Middle/Near East, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus and belonging to five sub-clades P303*, U1, M527, M426 and L497. Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. Interestingly, the L30 SNP, phylogenetically equivalent to M485, M547 and U8, was detected in an approximately 7000-year-old Neolithic specimen from Germany, although this ancient DNA sample was not resolved further to additional sub-clade levels.39. Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J et al. OS thanks the Italian Ministry of the University: Progetti Ricerca Interesse Nazionale 2009 and FIRB-Futuro in Ricerca 2008 and Fondazione Alma Mater Ticinensins. Forensic Sci Int-Gen 2007; 1: 287290. Slider with three articles shown per slide. But unusual values or unusual value combinations found at short tandem repeat markers (STRs) can also provide the basis of additional taxonomisation. Age RV thanks the European Union Regional Development Fund for support through the Centre of Excellence in Genomics, the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research for the Basic Research grant SF 0270177As08. A subset of 693 samples was typed for short tandem repeats of Y-chromosome (Y-STRs) using the 17 STR markers in the Applied Biosystems AmpFlSTR Yfiler Kit according to manufacturer recommendations. The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. Balanovsky O, Dibirova K, Dybo A et al. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. The naming of sub-clades is according to YCC nomenclature principles. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. Unresolved G2a-P15* lineages occur across a wide area extending from the Near/Middle East to the Balkans and Western Europe in the west, the Caucasus (especially the South Caucasus) in the north and Pakistan in the east. Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category. In the G2a3b-P303 network (Figure 4), there are several region-specific clusters, indicating a considerable history for this SNP. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 141149. Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. Distribution. Population codes: Baltics (Blt), Belarusians (Blr), Poles (Pol), Ukrainians (Ukr), northern Russians (NRu), southern and central Russians (SRu), Circum-Uralic (CUr), Germans (Ger), Central Europeans (CE), Iberians (Ibr), French (Fra), Sardinians (Srd), Corsica (Cor), Sicilians (Sic), Italians (Ita), Switzerlands (Swi), Western Balkans (WB), Romanians (Rmn), Bulgarians (Bul), Crete (Crt), Greeks (Grc), Anatolian Greeks (AG), Egyptians (Egy), Near/Middle Easterners (ME), Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), Sephardic Jews (SJ), Arabian Peninsula (AP), Palestinians (Pal), Druze (Drz), Western Turks (WTu), Central Turks (CTu), Eastern Turks (ETu), Iranians (Irn), Abkhazians (Abh), Armenians (Arm), Georgians (Grg), South Ossetians (SOs), Iranian Azeris (Azr), Abazins (Aba), Adyghes (Ady), Balkars (Blk), Cherkessians (Crk), Kabardins (Kab), Karachays (Kar), Kuban Nogays (Nog), North Ossetians (NOs), Chamalals (Cha), Ingushes (Ing), Kumyks (Kum), Central Asians (CA), Pakistani (Pak). It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Furthermore, markers Page94, U5, U8 and L30 were typed in contextually appropriate samples to establish the position of the five new markers within the phylogeny. White PS, Tatum OL, Deaven LL, Longmire JL : New, male-specific microsatellite markers from the human Y chromosome. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Gonzalez AM et al. Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J : High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. See more. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Ann Hum Genet 2005; 69: 443454. If a sample meets the criteria indicated for these three markers, it is likely the sample is G2a2b1. Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. G-M377, now also known as G2b1, has previously been designated G2b and G2c. Almost all L141 men belong to L141 subclades. Although the present-day frequency of G1 is low across its spread zone, the expansion time estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 192716158 years attests to considerable antiquity. [26][27] Among the Druze mostly residents of Israel 10% were found to be haplogroup G.[28], Around 10% of Jewish males are Haplogroup G.[citation needed], In Africa, haplogroup G is rarely found in sub-Saharan Africa or south of the horn of Africa among native populations. The following SNPs are so far identified as M201 equivalents: L116, L154, L269, L294, L240, P257, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, Page 94, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23 and U33. Chromosome Y microsatellites: population genetic and evolutionary aspects. The new phylogenetic and phylogeographic information provides additional insights into the demographic history and migratory events in Eurasia involving hg G. The present study comprises data from 98 populations totaling 17577 individuals, of which 1472 were members of hg G. The haplogroup frequency data are presented in Supplementary Table S1. Although not exceeding 3% frequency overall, haplogroup G1-M285 reflects a branching event that is phylogenetically equivalent to the more widespread companion G2-P287 branch in the sense that both branches coalesce directly to the root of G-M201. (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago. In the Greek island of Crete, approximately 7%[18] to 11%[19] of males belong to haplogroup G. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. It is provided at the request of readers. PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. [43] L240 was identified in 2009. Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11: 69. Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. [2][37], Ancient DNA identified as G-PF3359 has been found at archaeological sites in: Hungary (the subclade G-F872*), dated at 7,500 years before present (BP); Hungary (subclade G-F1193*) 7,150 BP, and; Spain (G-PF3359*) 4,700 BP.[2]. A high percentage of G-Z1903 men belong to its subclade, G-Z724. Nature 2010; 466: 238242. Here we present the haplogroup frequency distribution and STR variation of 16 informative G sub-clades by evaluating 1472 haplogroup G chromosomes belonging to 98 populations ranging from Europe to Pakistan. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). [12] The fourth site also from the same period is the tztal of the Italian Alps where the mummified remains of tzi the Iceman were discovered. Haplogroup G ( M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. Russ J Genet 2004; 40: 326331. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. This is achieved by comparing the haplotypes through the STR markers. These two reported Pakistani G-M377 haplotypes are quite divergent from the Ashkenazi Jewish clade, and therefore do not at all indicate a recent common origin. Hum Genet 2009; 126: 707717. Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M et al. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 313332. G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa . Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G et al. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_G-M201&oldid=1139571590, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022, Articles with spreadsheet file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with self-published sources from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, M201, PF2957, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, M201, P257/U6, Page94/U17, U2, U3, U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33, Other males purported to be members of Haplogroup G include: German-American pioneer and soldier, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 20:17. SD was also calculated for the age estimates according to the following formula: 25/1000 (ASD0 variance)/0.00069. While neither knowledge of paleo-climate, archeology or genetic evidence from a single locus using modern populations provides an unimpeachable microcosm of pre-historical expansions, considering them together cautiously provides a contextual framework for discussion. The L91 mutation is found at 21327383 and rs35474563 on the Y-chromosome. The G-L13 subclade is most common in north central Europe, and G-Z1266 is most common in the western Caucasus Mountains. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. However, interpretations based on coarse haplogroup resolution frequency clines are unsophisticated and do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. The Turkish G-M377 is somewhat closer, but not identical. The discovery of new SNPs can result in assignment of new names to haplogroup categories. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. You belong to a subgroup of haplogroup G (G-M201), The Caucasus Mountaineers, and your oldest. IK thanks the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grant 08-06-97011 and the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation of state support for young Russian scientists MK-488.2006.4. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. Digora, North Ossetia has the highest known concentration of G in a single city, as 74% of the tested men were G.[14] Haplogroup G is found as far east as northern China in small percentages where G can reach more substantial percentages in minority groups such as the Uyghurs. Samples have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. The haplogroup G mutation developed about 21,000 to 14,000 years ago. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Its identification caused considerable renaming of G categories. G1 is possibly believed to have originated in Iran. [24] Haplogroup G-M201 is believed to have been relatively absent during Neolithic India; the frequencies of the G2a-P15 subclade for example was negligible in indigenous Indian populations. ), Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. The complexity is apparent in both the phylogenetic resolution and geographic patterning within hgs G and J2a. Genomics 1999; 57: 433437. Summary. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. Network of 248 samples P303 derived from Supplementary Table S3. Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret, L177, later discarded in favour of PF3359 and equivalent SNPs, was first identified at. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from Treilles, the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the South of France, dated to about 5000 years ago. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. There are distinctive Ashkenazi Jewish and Kazakh subclades based on STR marker value combinations. Hg G is most common in the Caucasus with a maximum frequency exceeding 70% in North Ossetians,2, 3 decreasing to 13% in Iran4 and then rapidly dissipating further eastward. However, no clinal patterns were detected in the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the five sub-haplogroup frequencies with distance, suggesting that the distributions are not clinal but rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. Taken as a collective group, P303-derived chromosomes are the most widespread of all hg G lineages (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 2b) and clearly display differential geographic partitioning between L497 (Figure 2c) and U1 (xM527) (Figure 2d). The second common hg G lineage in the Caucasus is U1, which has its highest frequencies in the South (22.8% in Abkhazians) and NW Caucasus (about 39.7% in Adyghe and 36.5% in Cherkessians), but also reaches the Near/Middle East with the highest frequency in Palestinians (16.7%) and, shows extremely low frequency in Eastern Europe. G-M406* (G2a2b1*; previously G2a3a*) and its subclades seem most commonly found in Turkey and the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean where it can constitute up to 5% of all makes and 50% of haplogroup G samples. The South Ossetians and Svans generally south of North Ossetia have significant number of G2a1 persons, but population percentages have not yet been provided. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. This video explains the migration route of Y-chromosome haplogroup G and the countries where it can be found today. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 134149.
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