ekpe society cameroon

The Efik (Calabar) caste structure of Ekpe . Hope all is well. cherryblossom wrote on watzinaname's profile. . The designs are part of a dynamic language known as nsibidi, which uses image and gestural performance to communicate knowledge guarded by society members. Cameroon-Nigeria Relations, 1884-1961: A Study in Political, Economic and Social Interactions Between Two Nigerian Neighbouring States. two young foreign men to whom she gives the power to defeat her. Goldie describes Eburutu as a country that consists of various ethnic groups. The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. [50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. The article was a not-so-deep exploration of indigenous African writing systems and languages. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too soon into magical power. That it was through the Qua [an Ejagham or Ekoi stock], that the secret of Ekpe cult diffused to Calabar. The practice and display of Ekpe masquerade have been modified. What I want for dollar side is a fine coat and sword all same I tell you and the rest in copper rods. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. During the colonial era, The Efik language was the only language taught in schools in many parts of the present-day Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. Also i want bomb and shell. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey. cherryblossom wrote on WARRIOR's profile. It was worth every penny and made me feel like a kid again. The images, ideology, and secrecy associated with kp have been studied for more than one hundred years, and yet crucial features of the history of kp and its transformation have been neglected. [61] One of such letters written by King Eyamba V and the chiefs of Old Calabar states: Now we settle treaty for not sell slave, I must tell you something, I want your Queen to do for we. The papers include photographs, audio and video recordings, publications, correspondence and printed material primarily relating to Miller's study of the linguistic, musical and ritual influence of West African kp society (predominantly in Nigeria and Cameroon) on . Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors ( ikan ). The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. Determine the meaning of the italicized word in each sentence by examining the context. . Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. Formerly the society earned a bad reputation due to what the British viewed as the barbarous customs that were intermingled with its rites. Okoho Efiom bore the twins at Nsutana and raised them up for years. Ikpa Ene was a virgin island on the banks of the Cross river. The Ekpe society most likely originated among the Efik people of southern Nigeria and from there spread across other tribes and language groups in Southern Nigeria. Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. The doomsday cult is a sinister transnational cult that has paved its way from the west and Asian world into some African countries including Uganda and South Africa. Posted on March 01, 2015 Additional Touches [32] Oku adds that the Uruan were adverse to the Efik custom of burying strangers with their dead and did not share in the practice carried out by the Efik. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the BenueCongo subfamily of the Niger-Congo language group. how to get a towing contract with geico university of west london ranking world university of west london ranking world [51] The Enwang people who were fishing at Duke town saw the twins approaching and fled in terror saying "Mbiomo oduk ine"(English: A curse has befalling our fishing sites). Omissions? [44][52] Aye uses Adiaha Etim Anwa's ballad as one of the basis for his hypothesis. [77] The fibre of the leaf-stalk of a palm was made into a thread and woven to make clothes and bags. Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa. Photo by Jordan Fenton. Right now, Ekpe . [38] It is believed that it was at Ndodoghi that many of the Abayen clan had died from crocodile attacks. Nsibidi is a body of ideographic, abstract, and gestural signs deployed by the Ekpe society as a form of coded communication. At least in the past, very large sums were paid to attain these upper levels. The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. Abaku is an Afro-Cuban men's initiatory fraternity, or secret society, which originated from the Ekpe society in the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. The cult members are usually violent and self-destructive to the point of committing suicide. The Internet has shone light on manysecret societies, rendering them not so secret. [33] Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. Read More mask The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. Large amounts of pepper was also uncommon in Efik cuisines. Welcome to brotherhood Illuminati where you can becomerich famous and popular and your life story we be changetotally my name is Dan Jerry I am here to share mytestimony on how I join the great brotherhood Illuminatiand my life story was change immediately . "[21] Jeffreys assertion regarding Eburutu being a single Ibibio clan is proven false by earlier definitions of Eburutu by Rev. [64] They insisted that Obutong be completely destroyed. You been do very proper for we, and now we want to keep proper mouth. The year 1841 marked the official signing of papers by Efik kings to stop the exportation of slaves from Old Calabar. [38] The Efik bard Adiaha Etim Anua recites in her 1910 ballad that "Mkpana Ndodoghi Edik. Oge ruru ka laja nyefee lasha r ya ma gaa rwa r e nyere ya ebe z. [19] Oku attests that it was the attack on the Efik that made them decide to leave Ikpa Ene as they realised they were still too close to their enemies. In part because of their appropriation, exclusive use, and understanding of nsibidi, Ekpe members in the pre-colonial past were thought to have access to the spiritual realm and were, therefore, empowered to make and enforce societal rules and norms. We thank you too much for what thing you come do for keep thing right. Many believe this groups village at present day Deir el-Medina was the original location where freemasonry began. [37] When many of the Efik had left for Ndodoghi, a series of unfortunate events occurred. One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders founded Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during a wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. Papers documenting the research materials and scholarly work of Dr. Ivor L. Miller in cultural studies of the African Diaspora. Prior to the arrival of the missionaries in 1846, many Efik traders were fluent in English and a number of African and European languages. kp had four major roles in pre-colonial life. I am manyang Mathilda Nkwo of Akiriba village , upperbanyang and I am and still is oneof the oldest living practing manyangero in Manyu. Proponents of this theory range from missionaries, explorers, colonial anthropologists and later historians. ekpe society cameroonworld market toblerone. [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the Nsibidi script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. Festival organised by Global Music Exchange (ht. [82] The name Itu ita translates to three manatees and is named because the masts of the ship resembled the manatee (Itu). In the culture we have discussed, the term fadenya refers to: the relationship between father and child, and half siblings - requiring self-assertion, independence, innovation, and competition. [6] The most popular historical accounts of Efik migration attest a movement from Ibom in Arochukwu to Uruan and from Uruan to numerous settlements along the lower Cross river. Eli Bentor, Professor of Art History at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, speaks about the history of ukara cloth and moderates a discussi. Abakua is an Afro-Cuban mens secret society related to the Ekpe. It may not display this or other websites correctly. [33][35] The Efik came to her defence and the dispute escalataed[34] Legend has it that this was the last straw that led to the Uruan-Efik war (known in Efik as Ek Abasi-Anwan) which led to the exit of the Efik from the Uruan country. Hood Quarterly, spring 2015 This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. Ekpe cult, the leopard cult, and a male masquerade cult of the Efik, in cross river state of Nigeria, followed by Doomsday cult (prediction of total destruction of planet earth), then the. In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. They use a variety of masks to execute social control. Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. On behalf of Ekpe-USA Leadership, I hereby remind every member of Ngbe who has taken the aoth that our fathers and great grand fathers took to uphold those sacred traditions and beliefs, to immediately start preparations to do what they must do to send our brother to join our ancestors. I bought a $140,000 mobile home in a million-dollar LA neighborhood and love it. [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. . Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. The Neegee or Crocodile Society is considered evil by the Poro and Sande groups. [43] Stephen D. Behrendt and Eric J. Graham revealed in a 2003 publication that by the time the first documented European sailing vessel arrived in 1625, the Efik had already settled at Creek Town and Old Town. [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth. The dress is often worn with ornaments such as necklaces and earrings made of coral beads. Sunjata's aunt, Tenenba Conde, childless herself, must raise the child Fakoli, son of Kosiya Kante, after Kosiya sacrifices herself for her brother's sake. In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery". The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. Several accounts have been given on the migration from Creek town to Obutong. [32] The Efik having pity on these men gave them food and showed them hospitality. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. Objects and images in the exhibition courtesy of Dr. Eli Bentor. Ekpe, also known as Mgbe/Egbo (Ekoi language: leopard; derived from the Ibibio term for the same), is a West African secret society in Nigeria and Cameroon flourishing chiefly among the Efiks. Photo by Eli Bentor. The Ekpo/Ekpe society is a significant part of the Ibibio political system. Infact; there can be no-gainsay of the USAK-EDET People (ISANGELE) being the originators of this highly acclaimed Ekpe Society that the EFIKS, led by EFFA EFFIWAT later on used in subduing their subjects of EFUTS, (i.e. Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. He views the Cuban initiation system known as Abaku, which was based on kp society, as a collective way for African descendants to maintain their historical memory. Cameroon with the Ekpe cult. She or he is a random of nature, a result of mixed up and confused spiritual genetics. Ekpe means leopard, not lion. These they handcuffed, brought down to the canoes, and so proceeded up the river, till they got to the amount of 45, with whom they returned to New town, where sending to the captains of the shipping, they divided them among the ships.[56]. [51] Due to the custom of killing twins, Edem Efiom is said to have aided Okoho Efiom in sneaking out of Creek town to Nsutana. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the . "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. In his well researched thesis titled "Ekpe Imperium in South Eastern Nigeria", Anwana (2002) identified a plenitude of evidences to validate the Ejagham/Ekoi origins of the Ekpe society. LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. Initiated into ekpe society at 9 as was done in those days and now not even a word is mentioned each time you talk about ekpe in manyu. Enyi laja na lasha b nyeere ha aka idi nsogbu nd baara ha. [52] The missionaries respected the native law but the European Captains acted rashly and desired that an example be set on Obutong. No disrespect allowed. Cow meat was also consumed but the Efik native cow was rarely eaten or milked by the Efik. ________. Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. Sunjata's sister, Kolonkan, angers her younger brother Manding Bori when she: uses her powers to take the internal organs from animals he and his brothers killed, without cutting the animals open. The Ekpe society is the most renowned traditional institution in Efik history. James Beale Horton made a similar assertion in 1868 where he asserted that all the communities of the Niger-delta are traced to the Igbo. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. of Bamum, of Cameroon in his kingly attire seated on the throne with his chiefs flanked round him (Plate 2). According to E.U. [54] The name "Agbisherea" (also known as Egbosherry) appended in the names of the two kings listed by Barbot, was the name of the country, on the coast of which they traded from. Laws were passed to halt several practices regarded as unchristian. [37] A captured invader confessed that they were set to retrieve royal emblems which they believed the Efik had taken with them when they left Uruan. [52] A number of people were hanged, shot and buried with the late chief according to the custom. The Efik language was also spoken in several communities in Western Cameroon. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. [12] Due to the support of the missionaries, the Efik language became the language of religion. Known generally as Ekpe, Egbo, Ngbe, or Ugbe among the multi-lingual groups in the region, these closed groups all used the leopard as a symbol of masculine prowess in war and political authority in their various communities. expectations of the members to prioritize the group over their own families. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. For instance any member wronged in an Ekpe district, that is one dominated by the society, has only to address an Ekpe-man or beat the Ekpe drum in the Ekpe-house, or blow Ekpe as it is called, i.e., sound the Ekpe horn, before the hut of the wrong-doer, and the whole machinery of the society is put in force to see justice done. As a child, Sunjata at first looks unpromising because: In one of the most dramatic episodes in the Sunjata Epic, Sunjata first begins to demonstrate his extraordinary abilities when he: avenges an insult to his mother by uprooting a tree and placing it in front of her house. Now we can't sell slaves again we must have too much man for country; and want something for make work and trade, and if we could get seed for cotton and coffee we could make trade. Individual symbols may also have multiple meanings, rendering context important and interpretation inevitable in the "reading" of the body of represented signs. Efik traders could speak, write and read the English language. [72] JavaScript is disabled. [48] Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik. History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. Have you ever thought about starting a secret society? [44] Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. The presentation, by Ekpe members from Cameroon, Nigeria and Cuba was arranged by Chief Dr. Ivor Miller and coordinated by Sessekous Ojong-Orock, Joseph Mbu and Mbe Tazi. [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. They came from Mbiak Creek in Ibibio country. ugly and deformed, but predicted to be the mother of a great king. This is: After his "second birth", Waiyaki is brought to a sacred grove where: After the episode in the sacred grove, Waiyaki disappears from his home to: The two daughters of Joshua, Nyambura and Muthoni, have both been forbidden by their father to: Waiyaki tries to heal the conflict between the two ridges by: Waiyaki fails to achieve his goals because: The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. Aye and Eyo Okon Akak. Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. Hope Waddell, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and the Egbo institution was adopted. Ikpaya is now worn by an Obong-elect during the traditional coronation ceremony. The earliest documented letter to an English captain from a chief of Old Calabar was written in 1770. According to Simmons, "Most Informants maintain that the first people to Inhabit Creek Town were Efut fishermen from the southern Cameroons. The group is gaining grounds as it seems to incessantly predict the total destruction of the planet earth. The indigenous drums of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are distinctive for their "wedge and ring" method of tightening the skin. Several accounts have been narrated on the migration of the Efik before their arrival at Old Calabar. [68] The society is believed to have been introduced in Calabar from Usahadet. AHR ~ 125 The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role. Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. Living in what is now Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Cameroon, the people were physically divided by British and German colonial holdings in Africa. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, in the southern part of Cross River State. These are: the oral historians, kings' advisors, poets, and musicians whose power is the ability to manipulate words. The paper critically examined the Ekpe society in its indigenous form and nature prior the advent of Christianity, Western education and Western influence. [42] K.K. [9] The largest group moved to Creek town from Ndodoghi led by the priest-king Eyo Ema Atai.[38]. We are about loving, encouraging, embracing, teaching, and building with black people. the exhibition explores the long- [59] According to Rev. Imbued with transcendental aura, ukara conveys the sacrality and prestige of the Ekpe secret society. society to its Caribbean incarnation, which has deeply influenced Cuba's creative energy and popular consciousness. "Egbo" redirects here. through the Illuminati Iwas able to become rich, and have many industry on myown and become famous and popular in my country , todayme and my family is living happily and I am the mosthappiest man here is the opportunity for you to join theIlluminati and become rich and famous in life and be likeother people and you life we be change totally.If you areinterested in joining the great brotherhood Illuminati.thencontact him +2348106618681 or for more information +1(705)8062021 email:illuminatibrotherpowerful@gmail.com or you need my assistance email:danjerry04@gmail.com Shame to the Manyu people and great men o Manyu, that you as enlightened as I know will willfully distort a tradition that back dates as long as 400 to 800hundred. Imhotep was a revered personality as he was believed to be with super powers of healing and influencing people and affairs of the community. These secret societies were used to uphold the legal decisions of the Council of Elders or of the community as a whole, they also ensured conformity in certain rituals and in social behaviour and undertook certain public works for the community (n.d.). The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. [40] a Mande tradition based on orally transmitted history. Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. LEFT Ezillo man drawing a grid pattern to be filled with nsibidi designs, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. Among those who migrated with the Ngolo were various other nations who would later become part of the Oroko ethnic group. [33] Abasi was angered by the Uruan woman and cursed the Uruan people who started to punish her for her insubordination. Prior to the introduction of industrialised cubic-shaped seasonings such as maggi and know, Crayfish was used to make meals more spicy. Photo by Eli Bentor. [33][34] Abasi is said to have borrowed an axe from an Uruan woman and had broken the axe. a king whose attempts to have a special son lead him to make bargains with one Islamic missionary and two noble travelers. Aye, Originally Ekpe Fraternity was for religious purposes, but as the Calabar community became complicated owing to the new wealth which the early trade with Europeans brought it was. The group is a mutual aid society known for elaborate street dances and very high. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. You are using an out of date browser. The cloth is traditionally used as either a wrapper, worn by high- ranking members of Ekpe group who often . It described the religion, social, economic and political structures of the society as progressive and dynamic. [34], On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene which is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik(English: Old Efik island). [74][75] Opinions expressed belong solely to the author and do not represent the views of other Members, Management, or the Community at large. [45] Eyo Ema's people occupied Otung in the south of Creek Town, Adim Atai and Ukpong Atai occupied the east and Efiom Ekpo's family occupied the Adakuko in the west. Corrections? [49] Prior to the arrival of the Efiom Ekpo group, oral tradition has it that when some Efik migrated to Creek town from Ndodoghi, The Enwang did not join them but migrated to the present site of Duke town. One of the most important castes in this society is the jeli caste. Why do you think it is important for us to understand our past? Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College. Some meals have been mentioned often in the 19th century historical literature of Old Calabar. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). The cloth is made of plain cotton but transformed into a ritual object when nsibidi symbols are inscribed onto it through indigo dyeing. According to Asuquo, Asibong Eso of Obutong was Old King Robin; Ekpenyong Efa of Adiabo was King John; Ani Eniang Nkot of Mbiabo Ikoneto was Robin King Agbisherea; Oku Ukpong Eton Ani of Mbiabo Ikot Offiong was William King Agbisherea; while Ukorebi Neneng Esien Ndem Ndem of Obomitiat Ikoneto was King Ebrero[55]. Due to the volume of cultural exchange, many other ethnic groups have often been regarded as being one with the Efik such as Kiong and Efut. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. The remains will then be taken to Kepelle Village in Cameroon for burial after that. Several periods have been estimated by foreign scholars and indigenous historians. [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. For the surname, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Art and Life in Africa: Eket Information" University of Iowa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&oldid=1101939539, This page was last edited on 2 August 2022, at 15:27. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. The primary society is located in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Arochukwu areas of Nigeria, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern Igbo groups of the same country. [23][24], The Oriental original is most popular among indigenous Efik historians such as E.U. At Creek town, the Efik ruler was Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo who had a number of children including Nsa Efiom, Edem Efiom, Okoho Efiom and Odo Efiom. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. The Freemasonry's affiliation to the Imhotep is clearly evident and this is probably why they are accused of several conspiracy theories, since their objective is geared towards the restructuring and controlling of global affairs. [17] Some oral accounts by early Efik men also support the Igbo origin of the Efik. [36] According to Aye, "Ikpa Ene could not carry the bulk of Iboku population, Ndodoghi had to accommodate what spilt over, and the two settlements, still under one rule, were separated by the left branch of the river which became their "inland sea". [57] The diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house. Charles Ekpo Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Nigeria The Cross River region is a vast socio-cultural mosaic which accommodates peoples of distinct ethnic, religious, social, economic and. [6][7], The name Efik first appears in historical literature in the nineteenth century. [11] The bulk of the Enwang and Usukakpa are located in the present-day Akwa Ibom state. Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017

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