After his death in 1199, John ascended the throne. None was blameless, but the cause of the quarrels was principally Henry’s policy of dividing his dominions among his sons while reserving real authority for himself. Henry was born at Le Mans in north west France on 4 March 1133. 19 Aug 1186 CE. Cut short cross farthing of Henry II (FindID 707098).jpg 445 × 289; 133 KB Henry II There were serious family disputes in 1173, 1181 and 1184. Updates? Of his five sons, only Richard and John survived his death on July 6, 1189. Though acknowledging Alexander, he continued throughout the Becket controversy to threaten transference of allegiance to Frederick’s antipope, thus impeding Alexander’s freedom of action. His first task was to crush the unruly elements and restore firm government, using the existing institutions of government, with which the Anglo-Norman monarchy was well provided. Omissions? Henry II, Plantagenet Empire.png 322 × 376; 26 KB Pipe roll 1174 record type.jpg 1,809 × 1,000; 469 KB Spinello Heinrich as the Doge's prisoner.jpg 602 × 464; 129 KB The justices formed three groups: one on tour, one “on the bench” at Westminster, and one with the King when the court was out of London. Henry the Young King (28 February 1155 â 11 June 1183) was the eldest surviving son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.Beginning in 1170, he was titular King of England, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou and Maine.Henry the Young King was the only King of England since the Norman Conquest to be crowned during his father's reign, but was frustrated by his father's ⦠Henry, who was the duke of Aquitaine, had a claim to the English throne, and he invaded England in 1153. Read more. His reign was a sharp contrast to the anarchy under Stephen and led to the English Common Law. In any case, the long-term results were very great. Besides disrupting the public life of the church, this situation embroiled Henry with Louis VII and Alexander III; and, though it seemingly did little to hamper Henry’s activities, the time and service spent in negotiations and embassies was considerable, and the tragic denouement in Becket’s murder earned for Henry a good deal of damaging opprobrium. He was as much concerned with his empire in France as he was with England. King Henry II: Artist's Impression ca 1620. Henry II (5 March 1133 â 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French language: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, King of England (1154â89) and Lord of Ireland; at various times, he also controlled Wales, Scotland and Brittany. In the early months of the reign the King, using his energetic and versatile chancellor Becket, beat down the recalcitrant barons and their castles and began to restore order to the country and to the various forms of justice. Early in his reign Henry obtained from Malcolm IV of Scotland homage and the restoration of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmorland, and later in the reign (1174) homage was exacted from William the Lion, Malcolm’s brother and successor. As a remedy Henry established the possessory writ, an order from the Exchequer, directing the sheriff to convene a sworn local jury at petty assize to establish the fact of dispossession, whereupon the sheriff had to reinstate the defendant pending a subsequent trial at the grand assize to establish the rights of the case. Pleas brought to feudal courts could be delayed or altogether frustrated. tree. Count of Anjou and Duke of Normandy, 1151-1189. In 1169, an Anglo-Norman force landed in Ireland to support of one of the claimants to the Irish high kingship. Henry met Rosamund at some point in 1166, and it is thought his publicly favoring Rosamund was an attempt to instigate Eleanor into requesting a divorce. His father was Count of Anjou and his mother Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. Henry was the son ⦠Those at Westminster dealt with private pleas and cases sent up from the justices on eyre. Henry II faced significant backlash in both England and Europe over Thomasâs asassination. He was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. Two developments had come in since William the Conqueror’s day: the occasional mission of royal justices into the shires and the occasional use of a jury of local notables as fact finders in cases of land tenure. Two other practices developed by Henry became permanent. Henry II "Curtmantle" of England (5 March 1133-6 July 1189) was the King of England from 19 December 1154 to 6 July 1189, succeeding Stephen of Blois and preceding Richard the Lionheart.Henry II's inheritance of England and vast areas of France made him one of the most powerful rulers in Europe.He expanded his possessions further in Ireland and ⦠Anglo-Saxon England had two courts of justice—that of the hundred, a division of the shire, for petty offenses, and that of the shire, presided over by the sheriff. Find out more about how the BBC is covering the. descendants. © Four or more generations of descendants of Henry II of England (1133-1189) if they are properly linked: 1. 1199. His father was Count of Anjou and his mother Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. His marriage in 1152 to Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to Louis VII had recently been ann⦠When Stephen died the following year, Henry succeeded without opposition, thus becoming King Henry II of England. The feudal regime introduced by the Normans added courts of the manor and of the honour (a complex of estates). Corrections? Determined to assert his rights in all his lands, Henry II reasserted the centralized power of his grandfather, Henry I, in England. Henry’s first comprehensive program was the Assize of Clarendon (1166), in which the procedure of criminal justice was established; 12 “lawful” men of every hundred, and four of every village, acting as a “jury of presentment,” were bound to declare on oath whether any local man was a robber or murderer. The ministers who engaged upon these reforms took a fully professional interest in the business they handled, as may be seen in Fitzneale’s writing on the Exchequer and that of the chief justiciar, Ranulf de Glanville, on the laws of England; and many of the expedients adopted by the King may have been suggested by them. The fees enriched the treasury, and recourse to the courts both extended the King’s control and discouraged irregular self-help. Henry was born at Le Mans in north west France on 4 March 1133. By conquest, through diplomacy, and through the marriages of two of his sons, he gained acknowledged possession of what is now the west of France from the northernmost part of Normandy to the Pyrenees, near Carcassonne. His sons were pardoned, but Eleanor was kept in custody until her husband died. Matters were eased by the death of Geoffrey (1186), but the King’s attempt to find an inheritance for John led to a coalition against him of Richard and the young Philip II Augustus, who had succeeded his father, Louis VII, as king of France. Henry, the great-grandson of William the Conqueror, was the first of the House of Plantagenet to rule England. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS King Henry II was born March 5, 1133, in Le Mans, France. Trial of those accused was reserved to the King’s justices, and prisons for those awaiting trial were to be erected at the King’s expense. Fearing the creation of a separate Norman power to the west, Henry travelled to Dublin to assert his overlordship of the territory they had won. Henry II of England 1154-1189. Throughout his adult life Henry’s sexual morality was lax; but his relations with Eleanor, 11 years his senior, were for long tolerably harmonious, and, between 1153 and 1167, she bore him eight children. Richard II (6 January 1367 â c. 14 February 1400), also known as Richard of Bordeaux , was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-II-king-of-England, Spartacus Educational - Biography of King Henry II, British Broadcasting Corporation - Biography of Henry II, Henry II - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry II - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). There was a general revolt of the baronage in England and Normandy, supported by Louis VII in France and William the Lion in Scotland. His continental dominions brought him into contact with Louis VII of France, the German emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), and, for much of the reign, Pope Alexander III. Henry II, king of England (1154â89) who greatly expanded his Anglo-French domains and strengthened the royal administration in England. Heinrich had 6 siblings: John I King of England, Wilhelm der Normandie and 4 other siblings. Short Biography. During his reign, the dynastic marriages of three daughters gave him political influence in Germany, Castile, and Sicily. Media in category "Coins of Henry II of England" The following 51 files are in this category, out of 51 total. The quarrel touched what was to be the King’s chief concern—the country’s judicial system. Henry II of England (March 5, 1133 â July 6, 1189) ruled as Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, and as King of England (1154â1189) and at times controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and western France.His sobriquets include "Curt Mantle" (because of his short cloak), "Fitz Empress," and sometimes "The Lion of ⦠British Library: referencedIn: Johanna, Queen of Sicily, daughter of Henry II. In the course of his reign, Henry had dominion over territories stretching from the Ireland to the Pyrenees. This is a misnomer, for Henry’s sovereignty rested upon various titles, and there was no institutional or legal bond between different regions. Almost overnight Becket became a saint. His quarrels with Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, and with members of his own family ultimately brought about his defeat. After six months in exile, the pope and king reconciled. Henry ⦠Henry was forced to give way. Henry II, byname Henry of Anjou, Henry Plantagenet, Henry FitzEmpress, or Henry Curtmantle (Short Mantle), (born 1133, Le Mans, Maine [now in France]—died July 6, 1189, near Tours), duke of Normandy (from 1150), count of Anjou (from 1151), duke of Aquitaine (from 1152), and king of England (from 1154), who greatly expanded his Anglo-French domains and strengthened the royal administration in England. He was already Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou, and became Duke of Aquitaine when he married Eleanor of Aquitaine, the former queen of France. His quarrels with Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, and with members of his own family (his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and such sons as Richard the Lion-Heart and John Lackland) ultimately brought about his defeat. ahnentafel. His career may be considered in three aspects: the defense and enlargement of his dominions, the involvement in two lengthy and disastrous personal quarrels, and his lasting administrative and judicial reforms. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He was one of the most powerful German princes of his time, until the rival Hohenstaufen dynasty succeeded in isolating him and ⦠Among these was the King’s council of barons, with its inner group of ministers who were both judges and accountants and who sat at the Exchequer, into which the taxes and dues of the shires were paid by the King’s local representative, the sheriff (shire-reeve). In 1153, he crossed to England to pursue his claim to the throne, reaching an agreement that he would succeed Stephen on his death, which occurred in 1154. Henry II’s plans to divide the Angevin “empire” among his sons led to many quarrels and wars. Louis supported Alexander III, whose case was strong, and Henry became arbiter of European opinion. Read more. King Stephen agreed to accept Henry as his coadjutor and heir. The king's attempt to find an inheritance for John led to opposition from Richard and Philip II of France. By the multiplication of a class of experts in finance and law Henry did much to establish two great professions, and the location of a permanent court at Westminster and the character of its business settled for England (and for much of the English-speaking world) that common law, not Roman law, would rule the courts and that London, and not an academy, would be its principal nursery. The Archbishop, after an initial compliance, refused to accept these, and they were throughout the controversy a block to an agreement. Henry took a personal interest in the technique of the Exchequer, which was described at length for posterity in the celebrated Dialogus de scaccario, whose composition seemed to Maitland “one of the most wonderful things of Henry’s wonderful reign.” How far these royal servants were responsible for the innovations of the reign cannot be known, though the development in practice continued steadily, even during the King’s long absences abroad. On July 12, 1174, he did public penance at Canterbury. They have been chosen as highlights of a particular topic, but do not represent the full range of images that are available on Commons. Using his talented chancellor Thomas Becket, Henry began reorganising the judicial system. Some, indeed, were under the feudal overlordship of the king of France. The king retreated to Ireland to escape Pope Alexander IIIâs wrath. Henry II of England Henry II of England. Duke of Aquitaine (jure uxoris), 1152-1189.Henry succeeded his father as count of Anjou and duke of Normandy in 1151, and his cousin Stephen as king of England in 1154, after the civil war in which his mother Matilda had fought unsuccessfully for the English crown. Richenza von Braunschweig (1171-1210) 4. Heinrich II. Henry’s prestige was at a low ebb after the murder of Becket and recent taxation, but he reacted energetically, settled matters in Normandy and Brittany, and crossed to England, where fighting had continued for a year. His territories are often called the Angevin Empire. King Louis VII of France made him Duke of Normandy in 1150. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The Assize of Clarendon (1166) established procedures of criminal justice, establishing courts and prisons for those awaiting trial. Henry II (5 March 1133 â 6 July 1189) ruled as King of England (1154â1189), Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of ⦠established by Henry II of England, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou, comprised of half of France, all of England, parts of Ireland and Wales anglo saxons The Anglo-Saxons were a people who inhabited Great Britain from the 5th century. Henry II, first of the Angevin Kings, was one of the most effective of all England's monarchs. Thomas du Perche (-1217) 4. This is a list of monarchs (and other royalty and nobility) sorted by nickname.This list is divided into two parts: Cognomens: Also called cognomina.These are names which are appended before or after the person's name, like the epitheton necessarium, or Roman victory titles.Examples are "William the Conqueror" for William I of England, and "Frederick Barbarossa" for Frederick I, ⦠Equally effective were the “possessory assizes.” In the feudal world, especially in times of turmoil, violent ejections and usurpations were common, with consequent vendettas and violence. In medieval England, the life of St. Edward the Confessor functioned as ideological myth; Henry III used it to show that the Plantagenet dynasty had reconciled two ânationsâ within England after the Norman Conquest. Henry became Count of Anjou and Maine upon the death of his father, Geoffrey of Anjou, in 1151. Henry acquired most of the Continental possessions that would expand the kingdom of England before he became king in 1154. Henry reconciled himself with the church, but royal control over the church changed little. Restless, impetuous, always on the move, regardless of the convenience of others, he was at ease with scholars, and his administrative decrees were the work of a cool realist. In 1184 Richard quarrelled with John, who had been ordered to take Aquitaine off his hands. Above all stood the King’s right to set up courts for important pleas and to hear, either in person or through his ministers, any appeal. Classic editor History Talk (0) Share. Richard II Portrait at ⦠The Angevins descend from Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais and Ermengarde of Anjou.In 1060 this couple inherited, via cognatic kinship, the county of Anjou from an older line dating from 870 and a noble called Ingelger. In 1150 - 1151, Henry became ruler of Normandy and Anjou, after the death of his father. Heinrich "der Jüngere" von England was born on month day 1155, to Henry II of England and Eleanor Princess of Aquitane England. The council contained an unusually able group of men—some of them were great barons, such as Richard de Lucy and Robert de Beaumont, earl of Leicester; others included civil servants, such as Nigel, bishop of Ely, Richard Fitzneale, and his son, Richard of Ilchester. This provided a system of criminal investigation for the whole country, with a reasonable verdict probable because the firm accusation of the jury entailed exile even if the ordeal acquitted the accused. In striking contrast to the checkered pattern of Henry’s wars and schemes, his governance of England displays a careful and successful adaptation of means to a single end—the control of a realm served by the best administration in Europe. Thomas Becket being murdered by four knights in Canterbury Cathedral on December 29, 1170. And so, an English presence in Ireland was established. Henry II of England sends his son John to rule Ireland with the title of 'Lord of Ireland'. Henry began publicly displaying his great love and favorite, Rosamund, in 1174. Matilda of England (1156-1189) 3. Author of. In addition, the assizes gave fast and clear verdicts, enriched the treasury and extended royal control. Upon the death of Edward III, the 10-year-old Richard succeeded to the throne.
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