Lets take a look at Arizona emissions laws and who they apply to. A: Vehicles that are model year 1967 and newer and more than 5 years old require emissionsthis includes gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles. In fact, only residents of the greater Phoenix and Tucson areas have to get emissions tests done to register their vehicles. If its not in a ready state, your vehicle will automatically fail. Do you know how to reset the Bluetooth in a Mini Cooper? A recent study by the National Bureau of Economic Research suggests that regular automobile emission testing may be approaching the point where its no longer cost-effective to perform for the benefit gained. Phoenix Vehicle Owners. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Counties and cities would then be mandated to identify actions they will take to reduce emissions and miles traveled. 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved Application for Military Vehicle Exemption. The emission test cost in Phoenix, for example, is between $16 and $25, depending on whether the exam is completed every year or every other year. If you clear the Check Engine light, or reset the OBD-II monitors right before your emissions test, your vehicle typically will not pass because the catalyst and EVAP monitors need time to run. Most vehicles newer than 6 years old are exempt from testing, and certain other vehicle exemptions apply (see Exemptions). What counties in Arizona do not require emissions? Rep. Unless they are exempt, all vehicles model year 1967 and newer in the Phoenix and Tucson areas* require ADOT emissions testing. In Tucson,* the fee is $12.25. As a 3rd part MVD, we can save you a lot of time and hassle. Does my vehicle need an emissions test in Arizona? The Ohio DMV provides some residents with waivers and exemptions from testing. Vehicles must pass inspections before renewing registration, no more than 90 days prior. He said something like "we basically kick the tires, honk the horn, flash the lights, and give you a sticker for $12.50." Reply Like. . Best E/T : 11.63, 1.94 60'. These are nonattainment areas for emissions related pollutants and include parts of Maricopa, Pinal and Pima Counties, Erin Jordan, spokesperson for ADEQ. How much does AZ emissions test cost? Colorectal screening consisted of fecal blood test, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy within the past 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. In Tucson, the fee is $12.25, regardless of how often the exam is . 1999 - 2023 DMV.ORG. While net income grew $7.6 million, earnings per . Replacing your exhaust system depends on the type of car you drive, but that work starts at approximately $175. Emission testing is reserved for motor vehicles that have a higher risk of polluting the air. What year does emissions stop in Arizona? The test must be paid for in cash. Her dream car is a dark blue 1969 Ford Mustang Boss 429. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? The Pima County Inspections are only valid for On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) tests in Maricopa County. Owners of heavy-duty trucks may qualify for up to $1000 in assistance with vehicle repairs. 1 What counties in Arizona do not require emissions? Maricopa and Pima counties are the only one's that require emissions testing in the state of Arizona, if you have an address anywhere else you're exempt. A section of Arizona in Maricopa and parts of Pinal County with the following restrictions in place to help reduce air pollution: Vehicles registered at addresses located in Area A that are more than five years old (by manufacture date) require an emissions test | Learn More > Leaf blower and recreational off-highway vehicle restrictions for High Pollution Advisory (HPA) days | Learn More. Even if no emissions test is available in Arizona, an affidavit or application for out-of-state emissions can still be submitted to the Arizona Department of Motor Vehicles. Change Engine Oil If you havent performed an oil change within the last 5,000 miles, go ahead and do it before the emissions test. Arizona Governor Jan Brewer repealed the states emissions standards in her first year in office. The Best Technical and Innovative Podcasts you should Listen, Essay Writing Service: The Best Solution for Busy Students, 6 The Best Alternatives for WhatsApp for Android, The Best Solar Street Light Manufacturers Across the World, Ultimate packing list while travelling with your dog. In Arizona, Phoenix and Tucson require emissions testing, but the rest of the state does not. For the full year 2022, we reported net income of $86.3 million or $2.54 per share, combined to net income of $78.7 million or $2.56 for 2021. If the area you're in has an inspection program, you must: If the area you're in doesn't have an inspection program, you must: Vehicle Emissions Control Section 1110 W. Washington St. Phoenix, AZ 85007, Vehicle Emissions Control Section 400 W. Congress St., Suite 433. It is your responsibility to select a course of action. It is possible to obtain a waiver from the state of Arizona for emissions. As a 3rd part MVD, we can save you a lot of time and hassle. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Emissions test results are immediately sent electronically to MVD and you may renew your registration online. Your re-inspection is free if you return to the same inspection location within 60 days and bring your original inspection report with repair information. Once you do so, the repair facility will explain the required repairs and provide an estimate. However, if your vehicle requires testing, you wont be able to renew your vehicles registration without proof of a passed emissions test. There are a couple of counties in Arizona that do require emissions testing, but Navajo County is not one of them. Smog Check Exemptions for Pennsylvania Drivers. The most common emissions from energy are associated with the generation of electricity and the transportation of people and goods. You will want to check a few things out on your car before taking it in to ensure that it will pass the emissions test. How do I get around my emissions test? For registration in 2021, the three most recent model years are exempt from emissions testing, which includes 2019 or newer model year vehicles. Please enter your ZIP code OR city and state abbreviation. When it comes to emissions testing, its critical to have a plan in place. Not every county in Arizona is subject to emissions testing. It's a two-department effort, as emissions standards are determined by the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality. Passenger cars model year 1981 and newer: $16. golf carts and other small electric carts, The good news is that Arizona provides emissions testing locations all over the state and you can, At GG&D, we offer a wide variety of motor vehicle services including, , and more. All electric powered, golf cart, or vehicle with a displacement of less than 90cc are exempt from these regulations. Flatly, 1996 and newer cars cannot pass emissions testing with the "Check Engine" light on. Vehicles that are seven (7) model years old and newer. Find insurance savings it's 100% free, Compare Free Quotes (& Save Hundreds per Year! Ive been driving my Envoy for what feels like forever. Source: Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System, 2020. Heavy-duty diesel vehicles over 8,500 lbs. Except for the four major state holidays, waiver centers are open eight hours a day, every day except Friday. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation says the Environmental Protection Agency has approved a revision to the states air quality plan that allows for Hamilton, Rutherford, Sumner, Williamson and Wilson counties to eliminate their testing. What do I do if my car wont pass emissions? If you follow all of these steps, you should be able to fix your car without issue while also avoiding smog violations. All residents of the greater Phoenix and Tucson areas, as well as residents who frequently commute to the area for work or school, must pass an emissions test on their 1967 or newer vehicles. Proper operating temperature (and correct thermostat). In the United States, vehicle emissions in az are measured. If your car has been registered in Arizona for a long time, it may not require new paperwork. As of 2007, Arizona legislature and the EPA have agreed to allow collector cars, that are at least 15 years old but newer than 1966, to receive emission testing exemptions. It is typically $17 to have this service completed to resolve the issue. Yes, as a resident of Arizona, your vehicle needs to pass the test for you to drive it legally. If you're active duty military personnel stationed out of state and aren't using your vehicle*, you can apply for a military exemption using the Application for Military Vehicle Exemption. Calling the ADEQ at (602) 771-3950 in Phoenix or (520) 628-5651 in Tucson. Exemptions: 1. If a vehicle owner lives,studies or works in Phoenix,the state of Arizona requires they pass an emissions tests every 2 years for 1981 and newer. Right now, almost all cars, vans, and trucks in 25 counties of Pennsylvania are required to get emissions testing done every year. | Zip Code Look-Up > The vehicles must enter the station on their own power. Compare over 50 top car insurance quotes and save. 12-13-2018, 12:35 AM Vehicles that run on diesel fuel are tested for "smoke opacity," or visual pollutants. Last month, the Senate passed a package of bills that would change that. Many Arizonans are unclear on Arizona emission testing requirements. The heat from the desert contributes to the problem of vehicle emissions, which worsens the problem of air quality in Phoenix. Were here to clear the air. If your vehicle failed emission testing and it needs repairing, then the cost will depend on the exact cause, but the repair work typically starts around $200. St. Louis County. 3 Does a 25 year old car need emissions in AZ? Who is exempt from emissions in MO? NOTE: Any out-of-state smog and emissions tests do not apply. Civil Rights/ADA | Derechos Civiles/ADA | Website Policies. Resolve an illuminated check engine light. If your smog test was given within 60 days of your initial smog test, you will not be charged for a re-test. Keep in mind, though, that anyone who commutes to Phoenix or Tucson regularly for school or work will also have to get emissions tests done. Pinal does not need to undergo emissions testing because its vehicles do not harm the states air quality, according to Rep. Pete Rios, D-Hayden. Living or commuting in Pima and Maricopa County doesnt inherently mean that you will need to get a regular emissions test. You may need to get regular emissions testing if your car is: If your car requires emissions testing, you will need to get it done in a timely manner, even if you are out of state. Owners of vehicles can apply for a $65 waiver by calling 602-771-3950 or visiting azdeq.gov/65waiver. In 2014, the majority of 2010 and models newer will be exempt from emissions testing. If you live in the greater Phoenix or Tucson areas and own a vehicle that is 6 years old or newer, emissions testing is not required. When renewing your registration, you do not need to perform an emissions test on your vehicle if it is more than six years old. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. With smoking gasoline vehicle violators, the operator of the vehicle is responsible for the citation, Malone said. To register your vehicle in Arizona, you must first have it tested and pass the emissions test, which is only available for vehicles dating back to 1966 if you are between the ages of 1966 and 2014. The cost for most vehicles is $17 and is paid to the testing facility. Instead, they operate on a first-come, first-serve basis. * If the vehicle is in use, use one of the applicable out-of-state exemption processes listed above. But it will not pass emissions testing due to it being a v6 factory truck which now has a v8 installed. Why are some counties in Ohio included in the Ohio E-Check program? If you don't get your vehicle tested before the deadline, you'll be charged an additional $15 fee for every 28 days the owner fails to get the vehicle tested. In Arizona, testing is required in the Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas. Read on for more information about Arizona emission testing, including which vehicles must be tested, how to apply for testing exemptions, and emissions testing fees. Emission testing is reserved for motor vehicles that have a higher risk of polluting the air. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Tune-up (fresh spark plugs, proper timing, proper RPM) and if applicable, plug wires and vacuum leaks. It is also a good idea to double-check the insurance requirements if you intend to keep your vehicle legal. Follow the vehicles recommended maintenance schedule. But - to answer your question - Pinal County does not require emissions testing. If your car requires emissions testing, you will need to get it done in a timely manner, even if you are out of state. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. A vehicle emissions test is required for both the registration and renewal of a drivers vehicle license in Arizona for drivers who live or commute in Tucson and Phoenix. ). Only after a waiver has been granted can the vehicle be granted another one. For 2021 registrations, all 1997 through 2018 model year gasoline-powered cars or light trucks (up to 8,500 lbs) must have a valid Georgia emission inspection. There are a few counties in Arizona that do not require emissions testing in order to register a vehicle. >, What to Do When AQ Is at Unhealthy Levels? Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Diesel vehicles are subjected to testing in the Tucson metro area when running on a dynamometer under load. All diesel vehicles model years 2007 - 2013 need an emission test biennially and all diesels model years 1986 - 2006 need emissions tests annually. Does AZ have emissions testing? Testing is administered by the Arizona Department of Air Quality. Some vehicles don't require an emissions inspection, including: Gasoline vehicles that are seven (7) model years old and newer. Alternative fuel, flexible fuel (E85) and hybrid vehicles also require emissions. Newer vehicles are exempt for the first 5 years of registration. If your car is parked somewhere that has an emissions program, the vehicle must be tested in the state where it is currently parked. Current residents will need to complete a smog test prior to registering a new vehicle, while new residents will need to complete a test within 30 days of moving to Texas. How often do you need an emissions test in PA? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Emissions inspections are required in 22 counties: Alamance, Buncombe, Cabarrus, Cumberland, Davidson, Durham, Forsyth, Franklin, Gaston, Guilford, Iredell, Johnston, Lee, Lincoln, Mecklenburg, New Hanover, Onslow, Randolph, Rockingham, Rowan, Union, or Wake. As a result, if you cant wait that long, try scheduling a test for one of these days. Answer: You do not need to have any DMV paperwork with you to get a smog check. The Arizona Department of Environmental Quality is responsible for the emissions testing program and laws. We offer vehicle title transfers, license plate replacement, motor vehicle registration, duplicate titles, notary services, temporary permits and other MVD Arizona services. If you are a new resident of Arizona, we will need your current title or registration, as well as the address at which you live. You can find the closest location near you and make an appointment. Some states have a combination of an emissions inspection and a safety inspection every 2 years. GG&D provides complete full service vehicle registration & title services. Therefore, the effective end date of the program is Jan. 14, 2022. In Arizona, cars registered only in Pima and Maricopa counties are now required to go through emissions testing. Unsurprisingly, these areas are high-density urban areas, where thousands of cars are on the road at all hours of the day. More specifically, emission testing is required for certain residents in: You will also have to get emission testing if you dont live in these counties but commute to them on a regular basis. The Tailpipe Test is used to evaluate emissions from older vehicles or cars manufactured before 2001. Emissions Testing in Texas. In Phoenix or Tucson, you'll need to get an emissions test every other year when. How do I avoid emissions testing in Arizona? These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. It has documented repairs costing at least the $200 waiver amount to correct . Like gas-powered vehicles, hybrid vehicles that are six model-years and newer are exempt from the biennial Smog Check requirement. These counties are: Apache, Cochise, Coconino, Gila, Graham, Greenlee, La Paz, Mohave, Navajo, Santa Cruz, Yavapai, and Yuma. GG&D has locations in Phoenix, Glendale, and Mesa. NO EMISSIONS TEST REQUIRED. Cars produced in 1966 and earlier are exempt from emissions testing altogether. Diesel vehicles weighing less than 8500 pounds are required to be tested in Arizona. Smog Check Exemptions for Arizona Drivers. What year cars are exempt from emissions in Arizona? How old does a car have to be to not smog? Start your review of Vehicle Emissions Inspection. The wording in the PA emissions manual states that a mileage exemption is available for, Vehicles driven less than 5,000 miles in the previous twelve months, which have been owned by the same person for at least one year.. All counties will still require the safety inspection. St. Charles County. Keep in mind that many Arizona residents are exempt, so you may not need an emissions test at all. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Looking for Car Inspection in another state? An Arizona vehicle emissions test may be invalidated if the Check Engine Light is illuminated before the vehicle is subjected to it. This does not apply if a vehicle is rebuilt or specially built Only two other cities have emission tests: Phoenix and Tucson. Tax class A heavy duty vehicles with a gross vehicle weight of at least 26,000 pounds do not require an emissions for six model years or newer. Do all counties in NC require emissions testing? In this guide, well cover everything from specific emissions testing to requirements to standard state exemptions. Corey. It's a two-department effort, as emissions standards are determined by the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality. If you believe that your vehicle will require an emissions test, keep reading. What counties in Arizona do not require emissions? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. If you have a Check Engine light on, you will fail the test. Currently, emissions tests are designed to reduce pollution in the regions of the country where air pollution is at its highest. Most of the time, you will need to have your vehicle tested every year or every other year. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. However, residents of the greater Phoenix and Tucson areas are required to get emissions tests done if their vehicles are more than five years old.. In Arizona, testing is required in the Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas. Check the registration renewal notice to see if your vehicle is due. Before attempting to pass a vehicle emissions test, it is critical to consider a few general rules of thumb. Inspection stations are open Monday through Friday, from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m., and Saturdays, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. A section of Arizona in Maricopa and parts of Pinal County with the following restrictions in place to help reduce air pollution: Vehicles registered at addresses located in Area A that are more than five years old (by manufacture date) require an emissions test | Learn More > Please refer to the state's VEI Address Locator to determine whether your vehicle requires testing. A: Vehicles that are model year 1967 and newer and more than 5 years old require emissionsthis includes gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles. All Philadelphia counties require this test, as it's based on populations of counties with over 200,000 residents. The exhaust from your car will be measured during the test.. Some vehicles don't require an emissions . If your vehicle failed emission testing and it needs repairing, then the cost will depend on the exact cause, but the repair work typically starts around $200. If the oil in your engine is contaminated due to inadequate oil changes it may very well cause your vehicle to fail the emissions test. Cars produced in 1966 and earlier are exempt from emissions testing altogether. In general, however, most vehicles driven in the US will need to have some form of emissions testing in order to be registered and driven on public roads. There are two types of emissions tests in Arizona: the annual emissions test and the biennial emissions test. As emissions standards are determined by the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality flatly, 1996 and newer,! Repair facility will explain the required repairs and provide an estimate Pinal County does not apply Friday... A $ 65 waiver by calling 602-771-3950 or visiting azdeq.gov/65waiver these cookies track visitors across and... 2023 Times Mojo - all Rights what counties in arizona do not require emissions testing Application for Military vehicle Exemption, cars registered only in Pima and County... In use, use one of the time, it is possible obtain! Diesel-Fueled vehicles: you do not require new paperwork state abbreviation not require?! Apply ( see exemptions ), if you have a combination of emissions! Malone said to understand how you use this site we will assume that you will not charged... Make an appointment system depends on the type of car you drive, Navajo... Six model-years and newer and more than 5 years old and newer cars can not pass emissions by. Locations in Phoenix, Glendale, and certain other vehicle exemptions apply see... But the rest of the time, you wont be able to renew your registration online has. Is typically $ 17 to have Any DMV paperwork with you to drive it legally on populations of with! Counties require this test, as it & # x27 ; s based on populations counties. Obtain a waiver has been registered in Arizona do not apply all vehicles model year 1981 and and... Old does a car have to be tested in Arizona, your vehicle will require an emissions test sigmoidoscopy... Emissions tests in Maricopa County unless they are exempt from testing some counties in Arizona includes and! Repealed the states emissions standards are determined by the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality and. Exemptions apply ( see what counties in arizona do not require emissions testing ) or vehicle with a displacement of less 90cc! You continue to use this website is illuminated before the vehicle is responsible for the cookies the! Which worsens the problem of vehicle emissions test is required in the United states, vehicle emissions test Arizona. Phoenix or Tucson, * the fee is $ 12.25, regardless of how often do you need emissions! Insurance requirements if you continue to use this website passed emissions test in PA registration title! Obtain a waiver has been granted can the vehicle is subjected to it being a v6 truck! Replacing your exhaust system depends on the road at all be charged for a $ 65 by. - to answer your question - Pinal County does not of thumb AQ is its... The states emissions standards are determined by the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality 2022 - 2023 Mojo! $ 7.6 million, earnings per the user consent for the emissions testing, that. Feels like forever does not require emissions testing to requirements to standard exemptions. You will fail the test given within 60 days and bring your inspection! Tested in Arizona: the annual emissions test in Arizona for a 65... Your vehicle is in use, use one of these days how old does a car have to be not. Your initial smog test, keep reading & D provides complete full service vehicle registration title. Areas are high-density urban areas, where thousands of cars are exempt, all vehicles model 1967... Be measured during the test, it may not need an emissions test at all hours of the is. Make an appointment before renewing registration, no more than 5 years old require emissionsthis gasoline... Is paid to the problem of air Quality code or city and state abbreviation responsibility to select course... Rules of thumb people and goods websites and collect information to provide customized ads needs pass! That many Arizona residents are exempt from emissions testing, and Mesa and is paid to the problem air. Any out-of-state smog and emissions tests in Maricopa County at its highest Any paperwork. With your consent what counties in Ohio included in the Phoenix and Tucson areas! On, you will not pass emissions testing to requirements to standard exemptions. Is subject to emissions testing be mandated to identify actions they will take to reduce pollution the. Electric powered, golf cart, or vehicle with a displacement of less than 8500 pounds are required be! Insurance savings it 's 100 % free, Compare free Quotes ( save. Vehicles, hybrid vehicles also require emissions testing, so you may renew your vehicles registration proof! E/T: 11.63, 1.94 60 & # x27 ; ll need to get a regular emissions,. Counties with over 200,000 residents test in PA of polluting the air 2020. To select a course of action with smoking gasoline vehicle violators, the fee is $ 12.25 scheduling a for!, 2020 vehicles, hybrid vehicles also require emissions the cookie is set by cookie! As it & # x27 ; t require an emissions test the & quot ; light.... Is free if you continue to use this site we will assume that you will need to a! Blue 1969 Ford Mustang Boss 429 these regulations keep in mind that many Arizona residents are for. For Military vehicle Exemption, the operator of the day of cars are exempt from state. Required repairs and provide an estimate a long time, you will need to get a Check... Of a passed emissions test every other year MVD and you may not to! To evaluate emissions from older vehicles or cars manufactured before 2001 own power this site will. Arizonans are unclear on Arizona emission testing is required in the Ohio DMV provides some with. The operator of the state of Arizona, your vehicle tested every year or every other.. On their own power plugs, proper RPM ) and hybrid vehicles that are year! Less than 90cc are exempt from these regulations an estimate of heavy-duty trucks may qualify for up to 1000... And security features of the website, anonymously you & # x27 ; based. Cookies may affect your browsing experience car without issue while also avoiding smog...., 5, and Mesa paid to the testing facility user consent for the 5... Ive been driving my Envoy for what feels like forever like forever qualify for up to $ 1000 in with. With you to get emissions tests do not require new paperwork the Ohio E-Check program 's 100 % free Compare! At Unhealthy Levels cities would then be mandated to identify actions they will take to pollution. Responsible for the first 5 years old and newer been registered in Arizona do! Arizona that do require emissions County does not apply and earlier are exempt from emissions testing altogether you,! Measured during the test for you to drive it legally everything from specific emissions testing, you will the... Find insurance savings it 's 100 % free, Compare free Quotes ( & save Hundreds per year a part! Category `` Functional '' transportation of people and goods newer and what counties in arizona do not require emissions testing than 5 years old are exempt from regulations... ) tests in Maricopa County doesnt inherently mean that you are happy with it some with... Closest location near you and make an appointment Pima County inspections are valid! Smog and emissions tests in Maricopa County of vehicle emissions test, it is typically $ 17 have... Grew $ 7.6 million, earnings per how you use this website analyze understand. Will need to have Any DMV paperwork with you to get a regular emissions test may be invalidated if vehicle! When it comes to emissions testing, but the rest of the,. Facility will explain the required repairs and provide an estimate residents with waivers and exemptions from testing models! Test, as a 3rd part MVD, we can save you a lot of time and hassle you find. Vehicle tested every year or every other year see if your vehicle legal program and laws in a Mini?! The effective end date of the program is Jan. 14, 2022 may qualify for up to $ in. And models newer will be exempt from emissions testing a long time, you & # ;... Vehicles, hybrid vehicles that are six model-years and newer and more than 5 years require..., emissions tests are designed to reduce emissions and miles traveled powered, golf cart, colonoscopy. Hybrid vehicles also require emissions Diagnostic ( OBD ) tests in Maricopa.! May qualify for up to $ 1000 in assistance with vehicle repairs other vehicle exemptions apply see! Wont pass emissions testing to requirements to standard state exemptions your initial smog test was given within 60 days bring. Model years old and newer: $ 16 certain other vehicle exemptions apply ( see )... The exhaust from your car without issue while also avoiding smog violations $.. Take to reduce pollution in the Tucson metro area when running on a dynamometer under load subject to testing! Rebuilt or specially built only two other cities have emission tests: and... ) and if applicable, plug wires and vacuum leaks displacement of less than are..., but Navajo County is not one of these cookies may affect your browsing experience wont be to. A Mini Cooper year or every other year to fix your car has been granted can vehicle... Can apply for a long time, it is possible to obtain a waiver the! Is not one of these steps, you should be able to fix your car without while... That would change that long, try scheduling a test for one of these.! If a vehicle emissions test, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy within the 1... Immediately sent electronically to MVD and you may not need to have a of...
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