Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg (1998) indicated sensitivity and specificity rates listed above using cutoffs of 0-12 (nondepressed), 13-19 (dysphoric), and 20-63 (dysphoric or depressed). Pearson Assessments. The BDI has also been used with individuals with vicarious traumatization with scores on a Secondary Trauma Scale related to higher levels of depression (Motta, Newman, Lombardo, & Silverman, 2004). They also reported good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity. The BDI is not a diagnostic test, but it can help health care providers make a diagnosis. Eaton WW, Neufeld K, Chen LS, Cai G. A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. According to Steer et al. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression, Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review, Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents, Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Vegetative symptoms (refers to changes in sleep patterns, and appetite). Given the large number of published studies using the BDI, we focused our efforts on the core psychometric studies and those conducted with adolescents and trauma-exposed populations. Self-Reported Measure. Addressing this issue may have not only practical implications (i.e., how BDI-II score should be computed and interpreted) but also for conceptualization and assessment of depression. This tool, the Beck Depression Inventory, is one of the top tools used to assess a person's mental health and determine whether they are experiencing depression. Enhanced priming for trauma-related material in posttraumatic stress disorder. The NCTSN is funded by the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and jointly coordinated by UCLA and Duke University. How the Beck Depression Inventory Is Used, Interpreting the Beck Depression Inventory, Limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory, Where to Take the Beck Depression Inventory, Screening for Depression: How Depression Tests Work, The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), The Use of Self-Report Data in Psychology, Depression Recovery: How to Know You're Making Progress. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. Yes Kubany, E.S., Hill, E.E., Owens, J.A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M.A., Tremayne, K.J., & Williams, P.L. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. (This is a sampling of the literature in this area. It is simply meant as a tool to help gauge the symptoms that are being experienced, and the therapist, counselor, or psychologist is meant . (2014, January 28). The BDI was developed by Aaron T. Beck and Colleagues in 1961 and he believed that negative cognitive . The BDI-II is widely used and accepted as a measure of depressive symptomatology. The validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form as a screening and diagnostic instrument for moderate and severe depression in medical inpatients. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . Rehabilitation Psychology, 46, 195-202. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). (1961). The Beck Depression Inventory or (BDI), is a self-report questionnaire that contains 21 multiple-choice questions for the evaluation of the severity (0 to 3 possible score per item) of depression in both normal and psychiatric populations. Google Scholar. The Beck Depression Inventory or BDI is an assessment method to evaluate the most important symptoms of depression. No, Is the Subject Area "Dominican Republic" applicable to this article? 0 I do not feel sad. For example, to measure pessimism (item 2) the response options used range from I am not particularly discouraged about the future (score of 0) to the future is hopeless and things cannot improve (score of 3). Yes 2. The other pro is that it also consists of high content validity. The BDI-II is a great tool for diagnosing depression, but it is not a device that is meant to be used in replace of diagnosing depression. Emotion, 5(1), 103-112. Introduction. This is in line with different studies that supported a bifactor latent structure to the BDI-II [13,36,37,38]. here. While the Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most widely used inventories for measuring symptoms of depression, there are both pros and cons to this method of diagnosis. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. Sprinkle, S.D., Lurie, D., Insko, S.L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G.L., Logan, A.R., & Bissada, N.N. The following questionnaire links are for the private use of our lab only. The Beck Depression Inventory-IA was a revision of the first tool developed by Beck in the 1970s and protected in 1978. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. This paper, therefore, evaluates the instrument, looking at its design and format, its Psychometric properties, strengths, and weaknesses. Particularly, while Beck et al. Criterion validity, severity cut scores, and test-retest reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university counseling center sample. (n.d.). International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9(1), 22-28. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students of diverse ethnicity. The CDI is a tool that mental health professionals use to measure the cognitive, affective, and behavioral signs of depression in children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17. Encephale, 20, 311-317. There are two versions: the original 27-item version and the . Pontificia Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, Affiliation . As expected, t-test analysis revealed that BDI-II scores discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population. Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents. Aaron T. Beck. The normative sample is predominantly White (91%). In practice, this finding implies that BDI-II items can be summed to form an overall score, with higher total scores indicating greater level of depression severity [32]. The BDI-II discriminates depressed from non-depressed patients (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996; Sprinkle et al., 1992). Al-Musawi, N.M. (2001). 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. Some people may underestimate their level of distress, while others may exaggerate their symptoms. Based on previous BDI-II research findings, several competing models were tested including one, two, three-factor models and bifactor models. Parents of children with PTSD symptoms related to sexual abuse and traumatic bereavement show decreases in BDI symptoms after participating in treatment with their children (Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino & Steer, 2004; Cohen, Mannarino, & Knudsen, 2004). A PsychInfo search of Beck Depression Inventory or BDI AND trauma yielded 681 peer-reviewed journal articles (6/05). The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. Telepractice: Tips on using this test in your telepractice. (1998). This is perhaps better expressed in terms of average factorial loads, where a greater influence on general factor items (average = .52) is observed compared to those observed for the specific cognitive (average = .26), affective (average = .23) and somatic (average = .24) factors. Dictionary . Yes Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates. 2000;57(3):217-222. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.217, Wang FM, Davis MF, Briggs FB. Mood Disorder (Depressive, Bipolar) and Symptoms (e.g., Flat Affect, Withdrawl, Mania), Prior Experience in Psych Testing/Interpretation. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. There is a short version of the BDI, the BDI-SF, which includes only the cognitive-affective subscale and has been recommended to assess depression in medical populations, with scores higher than 10 associated with moderate to severe depression. Practical implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are also made. [33] found that a hierarchical model comprising one general factor of depression and three factors of negative attitude, performance difficulty and somatic elements fitted well to data and were fully invariant across Hong Kong and American adolescents. References. Description of Measure: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression (Beck, et al., 1961). Scales for both groups had good internal consistencies. Additionally, the present study supported the validity of the affective factor as a separate dimension from cognitive and somatic domains. These are clearly affected by the person, the person's world and the future. Treating childhood traumatic grief: A pilot study. Secondly, to examine the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Dominican Republic. Furlanetto, L.M., Mendlowicz, M.V., & Bueno, J.R. (2005). The authors suggested that the measures assess different underlying aspects of the construct of depression, with the CES-D assessing more of an affective component and the BDI assessing more of a cognitive component. Differential item functioning in a Spanish translation of the Beck Depression Inventory. Aaron T. Beck, M.D. There was neither difficulty in understanding nor negative commentaries about the scale content. Additionally, more sophisticated analysis into the BDI-II factor structure including hierarchical and bifactor models have been tested. They found a sensitivity of .85 and specificity of .83, as well as the positive and negative predictive power listed above. Items are on a four-point scale that ranges from 0 to 3. There were 120 college students enrolled in an introductory psychology course, who comprised the "normal group." The CDI was designed for children and young adults to respond easily to scales with three choices per item and items written at a low reading level (Bae, 2012). They also interpreted their findings as suggesting that the CES-D may be more effective in non-clinical populations. Next, internal structure of the BDI-II was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through AMOS v20 [46]. Cohen, J.A., Mannarino, A.P., & Knudsen, K. (2004). Feelings like guilt, loneliness, and fear can make a serious impact on a person's ability to feel hopeful and happy. Items receiving low Specificity ratings included item 11 (Agitation), item 19 (Concentration Difficulty), and item 21 (Loss of Interest in Sex). In Dominican Republic the scientific research on depression is absent [55] which may negatively impact the development of cultural sensitive evidence-based interventions. Author: Aaron T. Beck. Factor structure, concurrent validity, and internal consistency of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition in a sample of college students. Items from the BDI-A were rewritten, 4 new items corresponding to DSM-IV Depression criteria were added, and the timeframe was changed from 1 week to 2 weeks to correspond to the DSM-IV. Mult Scler. doi:10.1002/acr.20556, Toenders YJ, Schmaal L, Harrison BJ, Dinga R, Berk M, Davey CG. Penley, Wiebe, & Nwosu (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish translation of the BDI II in a sample of predominantly Hispanic adults undergoing medical treatment for hemodialysis, many of whom were of lower SES. Despite there is some evidence suggesting that such bias is negligible [36] future investigation addressing this issue is warranted. (2001) studied Beck's theory by monitoring student's negative thoughts with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). For access to the measure(s), please contact the copyright holdershere. 1. . For example: When the test is scored, a value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer and then the total score is compared to a key to determine the depressions severity. Individuals with chronic trauma since childhood sometimes respond by circling a zero because they do not feel worse than "usual.". Psychometric properties of the Spanish Beck Depression Inventory-II in a medical sample. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. The Beck Depression Inventory A study done by Boury et al. The Beck Depression Inventory-II: Testing for measurement equivalence and factor mean differences across Honk Kong and American adolescents. Archives of general psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. Scoring files were written in the R statistical programming language by John Curtin and are free for reuse. . Another setback is the high financial cost that it entails, which translates into low productivity, workplace absenteeism, outpatient care, hospitalizations and pharmacological treatments [2]. The BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those with reading difficulties or problems with concentration. (2005). Steer, R.A., Kumar, G., Ranieri, W.F., & Beck, A.T. (1998). The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), created by Aaron T. Beck, MD, and colleagues, is a 21-item multiple-choice self-report inventory that measures the severity of an anxiety in adults and adolescents. Smarr KL, Keefer AL. Psychiatry Research, 110, 291-299. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. 0 I do not feel sad. First, to determine the most appropriate BDI-II factor structure by examining several competing factor models that have been reported in previous studies. The lack of psychometrically well-established measures for assessing depression in community hinder the early detection of symptoms, the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions and the development of research programs aimed to identify risk factors associated to depression in Dominican population. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click (2005). a. Interval b. Nominal c. Ordinal d. Ratio . Multimethod validation of the Beck Depression Inventory and Grossman Cole Depression Inventory with an inpatient sample. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26(4), 446-462. (2002) analyzed data from a sample of university students and reported that a cutoff score of 16 for mild depression would yield a sensitivity rate of 71% and a false positive rate of 21%. Although the age range for the measure is from 17 to 80, the measure has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents . Similarly, McElroy et al. Age Range: 17-80 (recommended) Scoring Option: Manual Scoring or Q-global Scoring & Reporting. The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). It is currently known that more than 350 million people suffer from depression worldwide and that it significantly contributes to the global burden of disease [1]. The purpose of the present study . Items are summed to create a total score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression. Psychiatry Investig. Thus, in contrast to different authors who advocate the use of BDI-II total scores and questioned the validity of subscales [13,34], the present findings support the use of the BDI-II total score along with scores corresponding to each subscale, in agreement with Beck et al. here. Beck's Depression Inventory This depression inventory can be self-scored. 1. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(1), 181-183. BDI-II scores do not appear to be related to ethnicity in adult (Beck et al., 1996) or adolescent samples (Kumar et al., 2002; Steer et al., 1998). 2020 Sep 23;63(1):e91. Participants were selecting by convenience from general population (N = 797) and hospital population (N = 243). including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Pittsburgh Sleep . Bryant, R.A., Moulds, M.L., Guthrie, R.M., & Nixon, R.D.V. Sage Research Methods. Items receiving low Relevance ratings included item 3 (Past Failure), item 6 (Punishment Feelings), and item 21 (Loss of Interest in Sex). The nine items of the PHQ-9 are based directly on the nine diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in the DSM-IV. Results from hierarchical and bifactor BDI-II models supported both models. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold. The Pros And Cons Of Gay And Lesbians. The revised BDI, known as the BDI-II, is the most widely used version of the questionnaire. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Tool Description: The BDI is the most-used depression screening tool, and it includes the severity of depression as part of its assessment. Earlier, most psychiatrists believed that the cause of depression was related to the Freudian . In this study we are using the Spanish version of Beck Depression Inventory-II [44], which has an excellent reliability coefficient of .92. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 3-18. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 183-190. Is There a Link Between Diabetes and Depression? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, Editor: Chung-Ying Lin, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HONG KONG, Received: June 22, 2017; Accepted: June 13, 2018; Published: June 29, 2018. 2013;35(4):416-431. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048, Lee EH, Lee SJ, Hwang ST, Hong SH, Kim JH. To the extent that depression symptoms and inner experience may differ across cultural backgrounds [42], findings cannot be generalized. Interpretation is based on raw scores only. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Although the measure can be used for adolescents, the norms were gathered with adults. Health action to be taken in form of counselling about the pros and cons in the early phase can prevent future complications. [13] compared a unidimensional model, three alternative two-factor models and three bifactor models including an independent general depression factor and specific factors. Scores on BDI-II discriminated between clinical and general population, supporting for external validity. Lindsay, William R.; Skene, Danielle D. 2007-01-01. Reference Richter, Werner, Heerlein, Kraus and Sauer 2 The BDI was originally developed based on clinical experience and aimed to assess the varying intensity of . For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Storch, E.A., Roberti, J.W., & Roth, D.A. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is world-wide among the most used self-rating scales for measuring depression. Skorikov, V.B., & Vandervoort, D.J. The psychometric properties of the BDI-SF have been examined in French (Cathebras, Mosnier, Levy, Bouchou, & Rousset, 1994) and Brazilian (Furlanetto, Mendlowicz, & Bueno, 2005) samples. The current version of the inventory and its predecessors has been shown to be reliable and valid across a wide age range of samples.1 Additionally, the BDI-II and previous versions have been standardized in different countries and cultures. Carmody, D.P. These differences are amplified when the hospital sample is sub-divided and only the psychiatric consultation participants (N = 86) are considered. Within the hospital sample, 76.5% came in for routine checkups, 15.3% sought help for cardiac and hypertension conditions and 8.2% went to the psychiatric service. Universidad Siglo 21, Crdoba, Argentina, This is particularly important in Republic Dominican as mental health at primary care centers is underdeveloped [56]. It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . Analyses of adolescents have identified different but related factor solutions (see below). Since Mardias kurtosis multivariate coefficient was 338.70 thus indicating a significant deviation from multivariate normality according to benchmarks [47]the Asymptotic Distribution-Free method was used for model estimation. (2004). After the pilot study, a paper version of the BDI-II was administered by a suitably trained team. Subica et al. Universidad Nacional d Crdoba, Crdoba, Argentina. More research is needed on the use of the BDI-II with diverse groups of adolescents. The present study sought to examine the dimensionality and reliability of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican. Comparison of two self-evaluation scales and clinical assessment with a structured questionnaire. (2004). The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). Beck Depression Inventory 2nd edition (BDI-II) is one of the most commonly used instruments in research and practice to measure the presence and severity of Kojima, M., Furukawa, T.A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M., Nagaya, T., & Tokudome, S. (2002). Screening and diagnostic instrument for moderate and severe Depression in medical inpatients research needed... Experience may differ across cultural backgrounds [ 42 ], findings can not be generalized self-evaluation scales and Clinical,! Of which corresponds to a symptom of Depression was related to the measure is from 17 80... Self-Rating scales for measuring Depression has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents three-factor models and bifactor BDI-II supported... 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