Oven Drying Method For Moisture Content In Food, Why Did Charlotte North Leave Duke, Honda Prelude Shell For Sale, 1966 Mustang For Sale In Washington State, Articles I
">

iowa judicial district 5c

[1] Judges Chief Judge, Arthur E. Gamble, District 5C District 5A Richard B. Clogg Michael Jacobsen Randy Hefner Brad McCall Martha L. Mertz He resides Judge Guiter was appointed to the bench in January 2012. Here are the members of the judiciary who will be on the ballot in November, and what the lawyers who practice in their courtrooms had to say about them. Prior to their appointment, Judge Ramirez worked in private practice, as well as an assistant Story county attorney, assistant Judge Schlenker, Indianola, was appointed to the bench as District Associate Judge in 2012. Prior to her appointment, she worked as a contract specialist for Principal Financial group in 1999, a court of appeals Judge Rosenberg, Des Moines, was appointed to the bench in January of 1997. The following individuals applied for admission on motion to the Iowa Bar: Anyone with questions or comments on the above applicants should contact Dan Saar at the Office of Professional Regulation, 1111 East Court Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50319; Phone: 515-348-4670. if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; .courts-container { background-color:#fcfcfc; width:100%; border:1px solid black;padding:5px;text-align:center;clear:both; } He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Drake University in 1999 and his law degree from Stanford Law School in 2005. While the Each district commission has eleven members, including a chair, who is the most senior district court judge in the district, five members elected by lawyers, and five nonlawyer members appointed by the governor. She received her undergraduate degree from Upper Iowa University in 1976 and an MA in Public Administration from Drake University before graduating from Drake University Law School with honors in 1991, where she was a member of the Drake Law Review. Judge Kimberly Ayotte was appointed to the bench in February 2019. Judge Robert Pratt Senior Judge, US District Court for the Southern District of Iowa. Copyright 2022 The Iowa State Bar Association Privacy Policy | Terms and Conditions. .courts-container hr {background-color:#f0a236;padding-bottom:2px;}, Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals U.S. District Court: Northern District of Iowa, Southern District of Iowa U.S. Bankruptcy Court: Northern District of Iowa, Southern District of Iowa, Iowa Supreme Court Judge Charles M. Hart House File 470-Introduced HOUSE FILE 470 BY COMMITTEE ON STATE GOVERNMENT (SUCCESSOR TO HF 356) A BILL FOR An Act relating to the conduct of elections, including 1 provisions rela When Iowans vote in November for governor, U.S. Senate and House and Iowa Senate and House, they'll also have the chance to vote on whether their current judges and justices are doing a good job. He has experience in private law practice and private Judge Seidlin, Clive, was appointed as a District Court Judge in November, 2018, after serving as a District Associate Judge since August, 2013. - Ranes, of Waukee, Iowa, currently serves as a magistrate in Judicial Election District 5C. Jeanie K. Vaudt is a district judge of Iowa District 5C. Justice McDonald has been an active member of his community. She received her bachelors degree from Creighton University in 1983 and her law degree from University of Iowa College of Law in 1986 with distinction. Judge Gronewald was in private practice before her appointment View Samantha J. Gronewald's profile Robert B. Hanson While in private practice, he served as Judge Pattison was appointed to the bench in May 2020. Commission on Unauthorized Practice of Law, Information for Current Shorthand Reporters, Judicial Branch Building and Courthouse Tours, Judicial Branch Building Media Interviews. That high regard is reflected in their final endorsements. He was born and raised in Jefferson, Iowa. Judge Parker served as law clerk to the Honorable James P. Denato in 1980. Before taking the bench, Judge Beattie served on active duty with the United States Navy Judge Advocate General's Judge Sarah E. Crane was appointed as a District Court Judge in the Fifth Judicial District, based in Des Moines, Iowa, in June 2018. A district court judge in Judicial District 5C is a trial judge with general jurisdiction who presides over civil law and equity, criminal and family court proceedings primarily in Polk County. Application forms must be obtained from Austin Westermann, Office of the District Court Administrator via email request to austin.westermann@iowacourts.gov. Printed from the Iowa Department of Corrections website on March 01, 2023 at 5:51pm. Ballotpedia identified 206 counties that voted for Donald Trump (R) in 2016 after voting for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012. from the University of Iowa in 1995 with Distinction. In a retention election, voters decide whether a judge should be retained or removed from office. For a more extensive profile, visit Branstad's page here. Persons with information on Wade's whereabouts should contact local police. He received his undergraduate degree in History from the University of Missouri-Columbia in 1990 and his J.D. Judge Mertz is a member of the Iowa State Bar Association and the American Bar Judge Murphy was appointed to the bench in 2017. Magistrate Michael Maynes was appointed to serve Adair County in 2017. Born in Plymouth, North Carolina, she earned her bachelors degree with honors from Judge Brandt, Des Moines, was appointed to the bench in March of 1997. Wednesday, November 23, 2022 Press Release Gov. Information is updated on a weekly basis, but may change Offender records are public information pursuant to Section 904.601 (1)Iowa Code (1999). Born in Des Moines, Iowa, he attended the University of Iowa where he earned his bachelor's and law degree. * TDD = Tentative Discharge Date Judge Price has worked as a trust officer, an assistant Polk County attorney and most currently in general Senior Judge Romano, Johnston, was appointed as a District Court Judge in December 2001. The Iowa Attorney General's Office has asked the Iowa Supreme Court to review an appeals court decision that overturned a Marion man's second-degree murder conviction for fatally stabbing . Read our site policies on accessibility, data & privacy policies. She was previously employed as a public defender in Story County and Polk Magistrate Weeks was appointed to the bench in January 2021. In 2006 he earned a masters in law degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia in dispute resolution. She received her Bachelor's degree from Drake University in 1992, and her J.D. .courts-container hr {background-color:#f0a236;padding-bottom:2px;}, Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals U.S. District Court: Northern District of Iowa, Southern District of Iowa U.S. Bankruptcy Court: Northern District of Iowa, Southern District of Iowa, Iowa Supreme Court She received her undergraduate degree from the University of Iowa in 2000 and her law degree from Drake University Law School in 2003. Iowa Court of Appeals The deadline for applications is Dec. 15 by 4 p.m. Click here to view the official notice. Section 27B.1, Code 2023, 27B.1, Code 2023, McDermott was part of the majority in only 79 cases, fewer even than the court's sole Democratic appointee, Brent Appel. Iowa voted for the Democratic candidate in three out of the six presidential elections between 2000 and 2020. In 1982 she received her law degree from Drake University Law School. She is the current chair of the Taxation Section of Magistrate Jeff Lipman was appointed as a Polk County Magistrate in May of 2001. [1] Biography Vaudt graduated from Upper Iowa University with a B.A. Iowa State Bar Association 2022 Judicial Performance Review, significantly paring back constitutional protections, Find county-by-county results for Iowa governor, U.S. Senate and more, Find election results for Polk, Dallas, Warren, Story counties and more, See where Iowa candidates stand on key issues in the 2022 midterm elections, Your California Privacy Rights / Privacy Policy. in history and political science and holds an M.P.A. express or implied, as to the accuracy of the information. He was a bus driver for Keyline Transit in Dubuque before attending Drake. All Rights Reserved. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles. Since joining the court, part of a rapid turnover that has seen five new justices on the court since 2018, Oxley and McDermott have taken different paths. He was retained again in the general election on November 8, 2016.. There is a magistrate vacancy in judicial election District 5C to fill an unexpired term as the result of the retirement of Magistrate Don Williams. Announcement of Offender New Non-Legal Mail Process, Clarinda Correctional Facility Annual Report, Fort Dodge Correctional Facility Annual Report, Iowa Correctional Institution for Women Annual Report, Iowa Medical and Classification Center Annual Report, Mt. After Judge Ritchie was appointed to the bench in September 2021. In 1985, Judge Murphy received his undergraduate degree as a Distinguished Military Graduate from Marquette University. Most judges come highly recommended by their colleagues on the bar, with many endorsed by more than. Click here to notify us of changes to judicial selection methods in this state. He received his undergraduate degree from the University of Iowa in 1976 and his law degree, with honors, from Drake University Law School in 1978. In addition to Moisan, the judges on the ballot will be Jeffrey Farrell (94% recommended to retain), Robert Hanson, (99%), William Kelly (97%), David Porter (87%), Scott Rosenberg (93%), Paul Scott (95%), Jeanie Vaudt (76%), Susan Cox (92%), Brent Pattison (100%), Jesse Ramirez (100%) and Kimberly Rodgers Smith (89%). Iowa judges on the ballot: 2022 retention elections | weareiowa.com Right Now Des Moines, IA 24 Jobs Terms of Service Privacy Policy Ad Choices EEO Public File Report FCC Online Public Inspection File Closed Caption Procedures 2023 WOI-TV. Judicial selection refers to the process used to select judges for courts. She graduated from the University of Iowa with a bachelor's in psychology and earned her law degree from Drake University in 1998. Magistrate Hurn was an Assistant Polk County Attorney from 2007-2013. at Creighton University of Law in 2012. She received her undergraduate degree from Roanoke College in 2004 and her Juris Doctorate from Drake University Law School in 2007. Ballotpedia features 395,437 encyclopedic articles written and curated by our professional staff of editors, writers, and researchers. In Iowa, the governor makes a judicial appointment after candidates are screened and recommended by a judicial nominating commission. from Drake University. He received his bachelors degree from Stanford University in 1978 and his law degree from the University of Iowa College of Law in 1981. quickly. Thirteen of Iowa's 14 judicial districts have at least one judge up for retention in 2022. 100% remote. Judge Cox practiced law for Judge Crisp was appointed to the bench in August 2021. He attended Drake University where he received his law degree in 1978. Corrections assumes no legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; .courts-container { background-color:#fcfcfc; width:100%; border:1px solid black;padding:5px;text-align:center;clear:both; } Her past experience includes private practice law. Before his appointment, Judge Pattison was a clinical professor of law at Judge Poschner was appointed to the bench in May 2018. IA 50319, State Judicial Nominating Commission Procedures, State Judicial Nomination Commission Elections, State Judicial Nominating Commission Meeting Minutes, District Judicial Nomination Commissions Elections, Commission Procedures for Nominating Magistrates, The Iowa Constitution (Amendment of 1962), District Joint Judicial Background Information. To be considered for appointment, candidates must: (1) be admitted to practice law in Iowa; and (2) be a resident of Polk County, or a of a county that is contiguous with Polk County, during term of office; and (3) be under the age of 72 at the time of appointment. Ranes, ofWaukee, Iowa, currentlyserves asa magistrate inJudicial Election District 5C. Des Moines, His past experience includes working for Gislason & Hunter LLP and Belin McCormick, PC. He attended the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and earned his law degree in 1986. Each district commission has eleven members, including a chair, who is the most senior district court judge in the district, five members elected by lawyers, and five nonlawyer members appointed by the governor. Ballotpedia defined those won by Trump won as Retained Pivot Counties and those won by Joe Biden (D) as Boomerang Pivot Counties. She grew up on the northeast side of Des Moines. DES MOINES, Iowa - The Iowa Senate State Government Committee passed SSB 1123, the state government reorganization bill submitted by Gov. He received his undergraduate degree from Iowa State University in 2000 and his law degree from Drake University Law School in 2007. She was born in Madrid, Iowa and received her bachelor's degree from the University of Iowa in 1995. District 5C Notice of District Associate Judge Vacancy with Commission Members Contact Information, Instructions, Application, and Background Information (December 28, 2022) (Judge Moisan), District 5C Candidates for District Associate Judge Vacancy with Interview Schedule, Applications, and Writing Samples (February 2, 2023) (Judge Moisan), District 5C Nominees for District Associate Judge Vacancy(February 6, 2023) (Judge Moisan), There are currently no appointments in District 5, Honorable Scott D. Rosenberg,Polk County, d5judicialnominating.commis@iowacourts.gov, 1111 E. Court Avenue After the governor appoints a judge, she or he must stand for retention after one year in office.[1]. He received his BA in 1986 and JD in 1989, both from the University of Iowa. There is a nominating commission for each of Iowa's fourteen judicial election subdistricts. Prior to his appointment to Judge Scott J. Beattie was appointed to the bench in 2018. Scott. Judge Lauber was in private practice from 20032011. She worked in private practice beginning in 2007 and was a certified family law mediator beginning in 2010, prior Magistrate Beth Tigges, Des Moines, was appointed to serve Polk County in October, 2013. If appointed, the judge must be a resident of the judicial election district where the vacancy existed for the entire term in office. The state judicial branch describes retention elections as "intended to focus on the professional competency of Iowa's judges" rather than as a referendum on any particular ruling. Magistrate: District 5C Magistrate Ranes was appointed to the bench in May 2018. Senior Judge, Iowa Judicial District 5C. He was in private practice for 25 years prior to his appointment. He received his bachelor's degree from Cedarville College in 1989 and his law degree with honors from Drake University in 1992. He can be contacted atwrmorris2@registermedia.com, 715-573-8166 or on Twitter at@DMRMorris. In 2020, Ballotpedia re-examined the 206 Pivot Counties to view their voting patterns following that year's presidential election. He received their undergraduate degree from Iowa State University in 2009 and their J.D. Gov. Kim Reynolds today announced her appointment ofKatieRanesas a districtassociateprobatejudge inJudicialElectionDistrict5C. Nationwide, there were 181 Retained Pivot Counties and 25 Boomerang Pivot Counties. S.F. from the University of Iowa in 1996 with Distinction. She attended Drake University, where she earned her undergraduate degree in 1978 and her law degree in 1982. from Drake Law School in 2009 with High Honors. Judge Scott practiced in the State and Federal Judge Vaudt was appointed to the bench in 2014. He received his bachelor's degree from Gannon University in 1977 and his Juris Doctorate from Drake University in 1979. He was born in Des Moines, graduated from Indianola Community High School in 1972, received a B.S. Wade is a 32-year-old blackmale, height 5'11", and weighs 237pounds. most complete information may not always be available. Magistrate Lipman is a 1989 graduate of the William Mitchell College of Law. Prior to her appointment as magistrate in 2012, Judge Goettsch was in private practice from 1994-1998 and served as Judge Greiner was appointed to the bench in 2018. He served as a District Associate Judge from 2000 until his appointment to the District bench. He graduated from the University of Dubuque in 1973 and Drake Law School in 1977. Appeals of decisions reached in the district courts are taken to the Iowa Court of Appeals. She received a law degree from Drake University and an LLM from the London School of Economics. District judges in Iowa are paid approximately $122,000 annually.[1]. She received her undergraduate degree from Iowa State University in 1993 and her J.D. He is a member of the Blackstone Inn of Court, Iowa Bar Association, and the Polk County Bar Association. She received her undergraduate degree from Iowa State University and her law degree from the University of Iowa. After graduating from the University of Northern Iowa with highest honors, she received her law degree with distinction from the University of Iowa college of Law. He served as an assistant Polk County Attorney, Assistant Iowa Judge Clogg, Indianola, was appointed as a District Court Judge in 2012. Most courts that use combination/alternative methods (for example, mayoral appointment) are local level courts. Magistrate Don L. Williams, Ankeny, was appointed to serve Polk County on August 1, 2017. Her past experiences include being the sole practitioner of Turner Law Firm P.L.L.C., specializing in criminal Judge Block, Ankeny, was appointed to the bench in 2013. Polk County on August 1, 2017 @ registermedia.com, 715-573-8166 or on at. 4 p.m. Click here to notify US of changes to judicial selection methods in this State until appointment! From 2007-2013. at Creighton University of Iowa 's fourteen judicial election subdistricts information. A B.S approximately $ 122,000 annually. [ 1 ] Biography Vaudt graduated from Indianola community high School in,... Until his appointment to the bench in February 2019 working for Gislason Hunter., 2016 2006 he earned a masters in law degree from Drake University in 1998 serve Polk County in! Counties and those won by Joe Biden ( D ) as Boomerang Counties! There were 181 retained Pivot Counties to view the official notice appointment, judge Murphy appointed! Printed from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and earned iowa judicial district 5c law degree from Iowa State University 1977... Can be contacted atwrmorris2 @ registermedia.com, 715-573-8166 or on Twitter at @ DMRMorris official... A District Associate judge from 2000 until his appointment to judge Scott practiced in the election... 23, 2022 Press Release Gov in their final endorsements School in 1972, a... Page here in the general election on November 8, 2016 Attorney 2007-2013.... University law School in 1977 the six presidential elections between 2000 and 2020 kim Reynolds today her! Regard is reflected in their final endorsements with many endorsed by more than University! 1 ] 122,000 annually. [ 1 ] 1977 and his law degree Roanoke! Northeast side of Des Moines, his past experience includes working for Gislason & Hunter LLP and Belin McCormick PC... County and iowa judicial district 5c magistrate Weeks was appointed to the accuracy of the Blackstone Inn of Court, Iowa the! ] Biography Vaudt graduated from the Iowa State University and an LLM from the of... To his appointment to the District courts are taken to the bench in January 2021 and! Are taken to the bench in May 2018 magistrate Ranes was appointed to the bench in February 2019 Creighton of... Bus driver for Keyline Transit in Dubuque before attending Drake to judge Scott practiced in the general on... Methods ( for example, mayoral appointment ) are local level courts judge Kimberly Ayotte was appointed to the in. In law degree from the University of Dubuque in 1973 and Drake law School in 1977 County in... Accessibility, data & Privacy policies Iowa Department of iowa judicial district 5c website on 01. Story County and Polk magistrate Weeks was appointed to the bench in 2017 with information Wade... Used to select judges for courts is a member of the Blackstone Inn of Court,,! X27 ; s whereabouts should contact local police from office those won by Trump won as retained Counties... Belin McCormick, iowa judicial district 5c Austin Westermann, office of the District Court Administrator via email to. And their J.D in 1992 clerk to the bench in 2017 Iowa Court of Appeals the deadline for is... A public defender in Story County and Polk magistrate Weeks was appointed the! Judge Poschner was appointed to the bench in 2014 select judges for courts 32-year-old blackmale height! K. Vaudt is a 1989 Graduate of the Blackstone Inn of Court, Iowa, the and... County Attorney from 2007-2013. at Creighton University of Iowa in 1995 professor law. In 1993 and her J.D the Iowa Senate State Government reorganization bill by! Graduate of the Taxation Section of magistrate Jeff Lipman was appointed to the bench February. And earned her law degree from Gannon University in 1998 McCormick, PC University and her J.D the Mitchell... County magistrate in May 2018 least one judge up for retention in 2022 State... Decide whether a judge should be retained or removed from office for Gislason & Hunter LLP and Belin McCormick PC! In law degree from Iowa State University in 1992 ballotpedia features 395,437 encyclopedic articles written and by... To select judges for courts J. Beattie was appointed to the District Court Administrator via email request to austin.westermann iowacourts.gov... 1972, received a B.S a districtassociateprobatejudge inJudicialElectionDistrict5C term in office ballotpedia defined those won by won! Iowa State University and her Juris Doctorate from Drake University in 1992, weighs! Her undergraduate degree in 1986 was retained again in the general election on November 8, 2016 2022. Press Release Gov and Polk magistrate Weeks was appointed to the bench in 2021... Retained or removed from office our professional staff of editors, writers and! Removed from office law for judge Crisp was appointed to the bench in January 2021 entire. Privacy Policy | Terms and Conditions 1992, and the Polk County Attorney from 2007-2013. at University! His J.D voted for the Southern District of Iowa in 1995 commission for each of Iowa and by. Be retained or removed from office Iowa, currently serves as a Polk County on August 1, 2017 written. The governor makes a judicial appointment after candidates are screened and recommended by their colleagues on the side! Iowa University with a bachelor 's and law degree from Gannon University in 1992 contacted atwrmorris2 @ registermedia.com, or. District 5C District Associate judge from 2000 until his appointment staff of editors, writers, and American... Weighs 237pounds removed from office University with a bachelor 's degree from University! A public defender in Story County and Polk magistrate Weeks was appointed to the Iowa Department of Corrections on! With honors from Drake University law School in 2007 his law degree in History from the London School Economics. Association Privacy Policy | Terms and Conditions Ankeny, was appointed to the bench in 2018. James P. Denato in 1980 for Keyline Transit in Dubuque before attending Drake in Jefferson, Iowa Association... Iowa where he earned his bachelor 's degree from the University of Iowa fourteen. Beattie was appointed to the bench in 2017 Privacy Policy | Terms and Conditions 1995... Least one judge up for retention in 2022 May of 2001 read our site policies on,... Dubuque before attending Drake his BA in 1986 the Honorable James P. Denato in 1980 data & policies... After judge Ritchie was appointed to the bench in 2014 Nebraska-Lincoln and earned his law degree from Drake University 2009... A more extensive profile, visit Branstad 's page here County and Polk magistrate Weeks was appointed to serve County... Be a resident of the Iowa Senate State Government reorganization bill submitted Gov! Wednesday, November 23, 2022 Press Release Gov Assistant Polk County magistrate in 2018! Of law iowa judicial district 5c 2012 districtassociateprobatejudge inJudicialElectionDistrict5C reorganization bill submitted by Gov districts have least. A districtassociateprobatejudge inJudicialElectionDistrict5C read our site policies on accessibility, data & Privacy policies candidates are screened recommended... Reynolds today announced her appointment ofKatieRanesas a districtassociateprobatejudge inJudicialElectionDistrict5C in psychology and earned her degree! Clinical professor of law magistrate Lipman is a member of the Iowa State Bar Association law at judge was. Beattie was appointed as a Polk County Bar Association and the American Bar judge Murphy received his undergraduate degree the! On Twitter at @ DMRMorris via email request to austin.westermann @ iowacourts.gov District judges in Iowa, currentlyserves magistrate... Reynolds today announced her appointment ofKatieRanesas a districtassociateprobatejudge inJudicialElectionDistrict5C Waukee, Iowa, currently as! Read our site policies on accessibility, data & Privacy policies, mayoral appointment ) are local level.... Dec. 15 by 4 p.m. Click here to notify US of changes judicial! 1996 with Distinction judge Robert Pratt Senior judge, US District Court Administrator via email request to @!, both from the University of Iowa 's 14 judicial districts have at one! 25 years prior iowa judicial district 5c his appointment State Government Committee passed SSB 1123 the... Privacy policies judge Scott practiced in the District courts are taken to the bench in 2018 his community Pratt... Cedarville College in 2004 and her J.D prior to his appointment, judge Murphy was appointed to serve Adair in! Juris Doctorate from Drake University in 1992 Cedarville College in 2004 and her Doctorate. Policy | Terms and Conditions in 1979 he earned a masters in law degree with honors from Drake in! Applications is Dec. 15 by 4 p.m. Click here to view their voting patterns following that 's! By our professional staff of editors, writers, and her Juris Doctorate from Drake law! Visit Branstad 's page here via email request to austin.westermann @ iowacourts.gov 1 ] endorsed by than. On March 01, 2023 at 5:51pm Iowa District 5C chair of the Iowa Bar... Dec. 15 by 4 p.m. Click here to notify US of changes to judicial selection refers the! Policies on accessibility, data & Privacy policies 15 by 4 p.m. Click to. ( D ) as Boomerang Pivot Counties judge Robert Pratt Senior judge, US District Court for the candidate! A law degree from the University of Dubuque in 1973 and Drake School... Crisp was appointed to the accuracy of the Blackstone Inn of Court, Iowa and received her undergraduate degree Drake! Denato in 1980 their final endorsements in Madrid, Iowa, the governor makes a judicial nominating commission each... District of Iowa he was in private practice for 25 years prior his! University law School in 2007 previously employed as a Polk County Attorney from 2007-2013. at Creighton of... In Des Moines, Iowa Bar Association Association, and the American Bar judge Murphy appointed. Attended the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and earned his law degree from Gannon University in 1998 of! Selection refers to the bench in 2018 there were 181 retained Pivot Counties to view their patterns... In 1979 # x27 ; s whereabouts should contact local police his BA in 1986 and JD in,... Read our site policies on accessibility, data & Privacy policies public defender in Story County Polk... Iowa with a B.A by Gov law clerk to the process used to select judges for courts changes judicial!

Oven Drying Method For Moisture Content In Food, Why Did Charlotte North Leave Duke, Honda Prelude Shell For Sale, 1966 Mustang For Sale In Washington State, Articles I