Why was the Vietnam memorial so controversial? On the off chance that military and political analysts are right, in the next few months we must test the enemys intentions, in case this is indeed his last big gasp before negotiations. The names are inscribed in the chronological order of their dates of casualty, showing the war as a series of individual human sacrifices and giving each name a special place in history. On the other side were the veterans and their self-appointed spokesmen, politicians such as Webb and James Watt (Secretary of the Interior under Ronald Reagan), and social conservatives such as Pat Buchanan. This lends a sense of personal intimacy in a public space which helps create a sense of connection to the memorial. In 2009 the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund assumed responsibility for the maintenance of the site. Civilian loss of life was also very heavy, with the lowest estimates around 415,000. The photo was published worldwide under the title The Ultimate Protest, raising (or in some cases reinforcing) doubts about the government that the democratic United States was supporting. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Out of the nearly fifteen hundred entries in the competition, the eight jurors of the selection committee unanimously chose Maya Lins design on May 6, 1981. In previous war, progress and setbacks could be shown on maps; large enemy units could be engaged and destroyed. Direct mail was proving to be a highly effective fundraising tool. In retaliation for the invasion, and in hopes of forcing Hanoi to negotiate in good faith, Nixon ordered Haiphong harbor in North Vietnam to be mined and he intensified bombing of North Vietnam. American drawdown continued, with only 43,000 personnel left in-country by mid-August. Black walls, the universal color of shame and sorrow and degradation.. It seemed every time they contacted someone, they were greeted with enthusiasm for the idea. He was in Vietnam, serving in the 199th Light Infantry Brigade. It would have power for individual veterans, but collectively, they would have even greater power to show the enormity of the sacrifices that were made.. Every major engagement between U.S. forces and VC or NVA was an American victory, and the casualty (body count) ratio always showed significantly larger casualties for the communist forces than for the Americans. Thus, it is unsurprising that the first skirmish of the culture wars of the 1980s can be traced back to the public debate that broke out in reaction to Maya Lins design for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. The Veterans Administration hospital system was underfunded and ill-equipped to help Vietnam veterans deal with either their physical ailments or the psychological challenges of post-traumatic stress disorder. The wars length and the growing number of casualties were fueling tensions. However, polls consistently showed the majority of Americans supported the war. To treat the Vietnam dead like the victims of some monstrous traffic accident is more than a disservice to history; it is a disservice to the memory of the 57,000.5. ever and endured a raging national controversy over the avant-garde . Could it heal the chasm within society, promote closure, show gratitude to those who served, comfort those in grief, and remind future generations of the toll wrought by war? It was surreal.. Although thousands of people were there, It was so very quiet, Wheeler recalled. Daniel Abramson, Maya Lin and the 1960s: Monuments, Time Lines, and Minimalism, Critical Inquiry 22, no. I remind all of you of Martin Luther King Jr., who fought for justice for all Americans. Sturken notes, "the memorial was seen as a monument to defeat, one that spoke more directly to a nation's guilt than to the honor of the war dead and the veterans." The disagreements over the design revealed anxiety about ownership of the war's representation. The jury evaluation took place over five days, from April 27 through May 1, 1981. By years end, 2,573 individuals and teams had registered almost 3,800 people in total. Washington, D.C. Aerial view. Crowd at the dedication of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, 1982. After working alone for six months, Doubek was joined on the staff by Kathy Kielich, who served as the Office Manager throughout the project. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Michael Clark, Remembering Vietnam, Cultural Critique 3 (Spring 1986): 50. That same month, Kennedy himself was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Instead, Lin found John Benson, a master stonecutter, to hand cut the text at the apex the years of the earliest and latest casualties from the Department of Defense list and the brief prologue and epilogue adjacent to the dates. Bronze. With permit in hand, Doubek instructedto commence construction immediately. . They were either ignored or shouted at and called vicious names. Rather, by honoring those who sacrificed, we hope to provide a symbol of national unity and reconciliation.1. It also offered a way to exorcise lingering bitterness and anxieties that the war had propagated. General Price, along with Senators Warner and Mathias and future Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, gave moving addresses before the command was given, and 150 shovels entered the ground with enthusiastic veterans enjoying the moment. I was dumbfounded that we had succeeded at doing this. Just, Why was the vietnam war memorial so controversial? 3. Post-war, the French tried to re-establish control but faced organized opposition from the Viet Minh (short for Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi, or League for the Independence of Vietnam), led by Ho Chi Minh and Giap. 12. PDF Why was the Vietnam War so Controversial? - University of Wisconsin Revisiting the terms of this conflict not only provides insight into how and why visual art came to be so politicized in the 1980s, but also sheds light on the debates of our present historical moment, which, in many ways, parallel the debates of that period regarding the social purpose of art. It was decided that VVMF would hold a design competition, open to any American citizen over 18 years of age. Following a march by thousands of veterans through the streets of Washington, D.C., to the National Mall site, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was dedicated on November 13, 1982. Overview Military conscription, commonly known as "the draft," is one of the most complex topics related to the Vietnam War. This alliance between the veterans and their conservative defenders was a new one, forged as a direct result of the cultural battle over the memorial site. For Woods, the growing coalition was a prime example of its not what you know, its who you know. These people, though a small group, were able to reach out to their networks and their extensive contacts to recruit the type of expertise and support required for such a mammoth initiative. This 21-Year-Old College Student Designed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial You may have been tear-choked as you touched or watched others touch "the Wall" at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, the most visited war memorial in our nation's capital. Sturken, 320. In November, a coup deposed Diem, with the blessing of Kennedys administration, which had quietly assured South Vietnams military leaders it was not adverse to a change in leadership and military aid would continue. South Vietnam . The bronze sculpture, depicting three women caring for an injured soldier, recognized the work of the more than 10,000 women who served in Vietnam. The selected design then had to go through Federal agency approval and development into finished plans. That would have made any negotiation with Ho politically ticklish. A memorial made perfect sense to him. Were all the result of our upbringing. An official groundbreaking ceremony was held on March 26, 1982. Many felt it should be composed primarily of veterans; others felt it should be made up only of professionals; some thought a mix of the two would be best. He had been a war correspondent during World War II and had reported from Vietnam during Americas early involvement. Or, people would tell me, Well why did you let him go? Of course, what choice do you have?. Although Americas war in Vietnam failed to salvage the Republic of South Vietnam, it bought time in which neighboring countries improved their economies and defensive capabilities, and it may have discouraged greater communist activism in places like the Philippines. Updates? Ronald Reagans election in November 1980 ushered in the Reagan Revolution, and the first few years of Reagans presidency saw the largest tax cuts in American history. The ARVN bent but did not break. In 1972 a poll determined he was the most trusted man in America.. The VC and NVA dragged off as many of their dead and wounded as possible, sometimes impressing villagers into performing this task during battles, so determining their casualties was guesswork based on such things as the number of blood trails. Peter Walker and Michael Arad. Hamburger hill number - Math Formulas Many had worked together, some in Washington. It consists of a black granite wall with the names of over 58,000 soldiers who were killed or went missing in action inscribed on it. In the Shadow of the Washington Monument. The vision of VVMF is to ensure a society in which all who have served and sacrificed in our nation's Armed Forces are properly honored and receive the recognition they justly deserve. They were feeling alienated from the nations leaders, and they had low self-esteem. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. Emphasis switched to Vietnamization, preparing South Vietnams military to take over responsibility for continuing the war. Mathias set up a meeting so he could learn more. Woods remembered, I was like the kid at FAO Schwartz. It seemed every time they contacted someone, they were greeted with enthusiasm for the idea. It was one of the most resounding defeats in all of military historyuntil it became a victory. He was in Vietnam, serving in the 199th Light Infantry Brigade. In July 1980, Congress passed a bill authorizing three acres on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., to serve as the memorial site. Photo by William Bill Lecky. It claimed,In one day of ferocious fighting we had eliminated from the field of battle a total of 919 American troops, had knocked out 22 enemy vehicles and 13 helicopters, and had captured one M-14 rifle. Marine losses actually were 45 dead, 203 wounded, and a few vehicles damaged. They stressed that all funds for the Memorial would be raised from private donations. Color meant nothing on the battlefields of Korea and Vietnam. An ad hoc group of veterans had scheduled a meeting to try to use Vietnam Veterans Week to generate publicity for veterans need, and Scruggs thought that would be a good time to announce his plans. Healing meant many things to many people. Maya Lin, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, 198182. However, the years that saw the memorials proposal, design, and construction1980 to 1982coincided with a momentous shift in the topography of American political culture: the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 and the ensuing negotiation of a new federal agenda. Maya Lin, has gone on to become a respected architect and artist, with a studio in New York City. To achieve this effect she chose polished black granite for the walls. . The wall is the centerpiece of the memorial and is made up of two black granite walls, each 246 feet in length and 10 feet in height. The location secured, the seemingly uncontroversial process of articulating goals for a memorial and staging a competition draws over 1100 entries then the largest such design competition in the United States and the winner is Maya Lin's "Wall. Jan C. Scruggs, a wounded Vietnam War vet, studied what is now called post-traumatic stress disorder upon his return to. Mathias and Warner continually stressed that their objective was to provide the country with a symbol for reconciliation. The construction process hits a snag when relentless and powerful critics, led by Tom Carhart, find an unsavory political message in the supposedly apolitical winning design -- ultimately forcing a compromise, the addition of a flag and a statue with three soldiers to the Wall. They werent nice. Lower Manhattan must not be transformed into a vast mausoleum, obviously, but neither must it be transformed into a theme park for advanced architectural taste.15, Such rhetoric spilled over from the initial debates surrounding the redevelopment of the site of the Twin Towers to those regarding the design for the memorial. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial was built without government funds. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall was dedicated in 1982. 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why was the vietnam war memorial so controversial?

why was the vietnam war memorial so controversial?

In late spring 1969, American and South . Ultimately, the VVMF Board agreed on a jury of the most experienced and prestigious artists and designers that could be found, since it took a mature eye to envision from two-dimensional renderings how a design would look when built. At the time of the memorials design, many veterans who had been exposed to Agent Orange, a chemical weapon used by the U.S. military as an herbicide and defoliant, still suffered ongoing health problems. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. That bothered him. Im sure I looked like a deer in the headlights, I was so nervous, Scruggs recalled. Ibid. We expect them to do the work of history writing, to draw single comprehensible narratives out of a Gorgons nest of individual, often contradictory, experiences. However, that posed a problem of how tolocate an individual name. By June 1977, Scruggs was attending graduate school at American University in Washington, D.C. and had embarked on a research study exploring the social and psychological consequences of Vietnam military duties. And if they themselves didnt know how to help, they knew someone who did. On July 9, 1964, China had announced it would step in if the U.S. attacked North Vietnam, as China had done in the Korean War. Hidden in a hole in the ground, with no means of access for those Vietnam veterans who are condemned to spend the rest of their days in a wheelchair. Ibid. On November 11, 1984, the servicemen statue and a U.S. flag were formally added to the memorial, and the combined monument was placed under the control of the National Park Service. Lins minimal plan was in sharp contrast to the traditional format for a memorial, which usually included figurative heroic sculpture. The battle was suddenly over.. He had spent three months recovering in a hospital before being sent back to fight with rocket-propelled grenade fragments permanently embedded in his body. They were unwrapped, number coded, photographed for the record, and prepared for display. We didnt have any space, but I liked their idea and told them I would volunteer to help with all that I could.. He closed by saying: To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past. Republican Richard Nixon won the presidency in the fall elections. Over 500,000 wounded, Explore articles from the HistoryNet archives about Vietnam War. All of these items are stored in a museum-quality facility in Landover, Maryland. Before the 1880s, the French controlled Vietnam. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Initially, however, homefront support for the war effort grew, but by March Americans, perceiving no change in strategy that would bring the war to a conclusion, became increasingly disillusioned. Some of the juror comments included: The domino fell but did not take down any of those around it. The VC was effectively finished; it would not field more than 25,00040,000 troops at any time for the remainder of the war. Over 1 million wounded, 50,000 plus civilian Vietnam Veterans Memorial (eBook) - Julia Hargrove 2002-03-01 The Vietnam conflict was one of the most controversial engagements in the history of the United States. Why was the Vietnam memorial so controversial? On the off chance that military and political analysts are right, in the next few months we must test the enemys intentions, in case this is indeed his last big gasp before negotiations. The names are inscribed in the chronological order of their dates of casualty, showing the war as a series of individual human sacrifices and giving each name a special place in history. On the other side were the veterans and their self-appointed spokesmen, politicians such as Webb and James Watt (Secretary of the Interior under Ronald Reagan), and social conservatives such as Pat Buchanan. This lends a sense of personal intimacy in a public space which helps create a sense of connection to the memorial. In 2009 the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund assumed responsibility for the maintenance of the site. Civilian loss of life was also very heavy, with the lowest estimates around 415,000. The photo was published worldwide under the title The Ultimate Protest, raising (or in some cases reinforcing) doubts about the government that the democratic United States was supporting. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Out of the nearly fifteen hundred entries in the competition, the eight jurors of the selection committee unanimously chose Maya Lins design on May 6, 1981. In previous war, progress and setbacks could be shown on maps; large enemy units could be engaged and destroyed. Direct mail was proving to be a highly effective fundraising tool. In retaliation for the invasion, and in hopes of forcing Hanoi to negotiate in good faith, Nixon ordered Haiphong harbor in North Vietnam to be mined and he intensified bombing of North Vietnam. American drawdown continued, with only 43,000 personnel left in-country by mid-August. Black walls, the universal color of shame and sorrow and degradation.. It seemed every time they contacted someone, they were greeted with enthusiasm for the idea. He was in Vietnam, serving in the 199th Light Infantry Brigade. It would have power for individual veterans, but collectively, they would have even greater power to show the enormity of the sacrifices that were made.. Every major engagement between U.S. forces and VC or NVA was an American victory, and the casualty (body count) ratio always showed significantly larger casualties for the communist forces than for the Americans. Thus, it is unsurprising that the first skirmish of the culture wars of the 1980s can be traced back to the public debate that broke out in reaction to Maya Lins design for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. The Veterans Administration hospital system was underfunded and ill-equipped to help Vietnam veterans deal with either their physical ailments or the psychological challenges of post-traumatic stress disorder. The wars length and the growing number of casualties were fueling tensions. However, polls consistently showed the majority of Americans supported the war. To treat the Vietnam dead like the victims of some monstrous traffic accident is more than a disservice to history; it is a disservice to the memory of the 57,000.5. ever and endured a raging national controversy over the avant-garde . Could it heal the chasm within society, promote closure, show gratitude to those who served, comfort those in grief, and remind future generations of the toll wrought by war? It was surreal.. Although thousands of people were there, It was so very quiet, Wheeler recalled. Daniel Abramson, Maya Lin and the 1960s: Monuments, Time Lines, and Minimalism, Critical Inquiry 22, no. I remind all of you of Martin Luther King Jr., who fought for justice for all Americans. Sturken notes, "the memorial was seen as a monument to defeat, one that spoke more directly to a nation's guilt than to the honor of the war dead and the veterans." The disagreements over the design revealed anxiety about ownership of the war's representation. The jury evaluation took place over five days, from April 27 through May 1, 1981. By years end, 2,573 individuals and teams had registered almost 3,800 people in total. Washington, D.C. Aerial view. Crowd at the dedication of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, 1982. After working alone for six months, Doubek was joined on the staff by Kathy Kielich, who served as the Office Manager throughout the project. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Michael Clark, Remembering Vietnam, Cultural Critique 3 (Spring 1986): 50. That same month, Kennedy himself was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Instead, Lin found John Benson, a master stonecutter, to hand cut the text at the apex the years of the earliest and latest casualties from the Department of Defense list and the brief prologue and epilogue adjacent to the dates. Bronze. With permit in hand, Doubek instructedto commence construction immediately. . They were either ignored or shouted at and called vicious names. Rather, by honoring those who sacrificed, we hope to provide a symbol of national unity and reconciliation.1. It also offered a way to exorcise lingering bitterness and anxieties that the war had propagated. General Price, along with Senators Warner and Mathias and future Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, gave moving addresses before the command was given, and 150 shovels entered the ground with enthusiastic veterans enjoying the moment. I was dumbfounded that we had succeeded at doing this. Just, Why was the vietnam war memorial so controversial? 3. Post-war, the French tried to re-establish control but faced organized opposition from the Viet Minh (short for Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi, or League for the Independence of Vietnam), led by Ho Chi Minh and Giap. 12. PDF Why was the Vietnam War so Controversial? - University of Wisconsin Revisiting the terms of this conflict not only provides insight into how and why visual art came to be so politicized in the 1980s, but also sheds light on the debates of our present historical moment, which, in many ways, parallel the debates of that period regarding the social purpose of art. It was decided that VVMF would hold a design competition, open to any American citizen over 18 years of age. Following a march by thousands of veterans through the streets of Washington, D.C., to the National Mall site, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was dedicated on November 13, 1982. Overview Military conscription, commonly known as "the draft," is one of the most complex topics related to the Vietnam War. This alliance between the veterans and their conservative defenders was a new one, forged as a direct result of the cultural battle over the memorial site. For Woods, the growing coalition was a prime example of its not what you know, its who you know. These people, though a small group, were able to reach out to their networks and their extensive contacts to recruit the type of expertise and support required for such a mammoth initiative. This 21-Year-Old College Student Designed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial You may have been tear-choked as you touched or watched others touch "the Wall" at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, the most visited war memorial in our nation's capital. Sturken, 320. In November, a coup deposed Diem, with the blessing of Kennedys administration, which had quietly assured South Vietnams military leaders it was not adverse to a change in leadership and military aid would continue. South Vietnam . The bronze sculpture, depicting three women caring for an injured soldier, recognized the work of the more than 10,000 women who served in Vietnam. The selected design then had to go through Federal agency approval and development into finished plans. That would have made any negotiation with Ho politically ticklish. A memorial made perfect sense to him. Were all the result of our upbringing. An official groundbreaking ceremony was held on March 26, 1982. Many felt it should be composed primarily of veterans; others felt it should be made up only of professionals; some thought a mix of the two would be best. He had been a war correspondent during World War II and had reported from Vietnam during Americas early involvement. Or, people would tell me, Well why did you let him go? Of course, what choice do you have?. Although Americas war in Vietnam failed to salvage the Republic of South Vietnam, it bought time in which neighboring countries improved their economies and defensive capabilities, and it may have discouraged greater communist activism in places like the Philippines. Updates? Ronald Reagans election in November 1980 ushered in the Reagan Revolution, and the first few years of Reagans presidency saw the largest tax cuts in American history. The ARVN bent but did not break. In 1972 a poll determined he was the most trusted man in America.. The VC and NVA dragged off as many of their dead and wounded as possible, sometimes impressing villagers into performing this task during battles, so determining their casualties was guesswork based on such things as the number of blood trails. Peter Walker and Michael Arad. Hamburger hill number - Math Formulas Many had worked together, some in Washington. It consists of a black granite wall with the names of over 58,000 soldiers who were killed or went missing in action inscribed on it. In the Shadow of the Washington Monument. The vision of VVMF is to ensure a society in which all who have served and sacrificed in our nation's Armed Forces are properly honored and receive the recognition they justly deserve. They were feeling alienated from the nations leaders, and they had low self-esteem. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. Emphasis switched to Vietnamization, preparing South Vietnams military to take over responsibility for continuing the war. Mathias set up a meeting so he could learn more. Woods remembered, I was like the kid at FAO Schwartz. It seemed every time they contacted someone, they were greeted with enthusiasm for the idea. It was one of the most resounding defeats in all of military historyuntil it became a victory. He was in Vietnam, serving in the 199th Light Infantry Brigade. In July 1980, Congress passed a bill authorizing three acres on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., to serve as the memorial site. Photo by William Bill Lecky. It claimed,In one day of ferocious fighting we had eliminated from the field of battle a total of 919 American troops, had knocked out 22 enemy vehicles and 13 helicopters, and had captured one M-14 rifle. Marine losses actually were 45 dead, 203 wounded, and a few vehicles damaged. They stressed that all funds for the Memorial would be raised from private donations. Color meant nothing on the battlefields of Korea and Vietnam. An ad hoc group of veterans had scheduled a meeting to try to use Vietnam Veterans Week to generate publicity for veterans need, and Scruggs thought that would be a good time to announce his plans. Healing meant many things to many people. Maya Lin, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, 198182. However, the years that saw the memorials proposal, design, and construction1980 to 1982coincided with a momentous shift in the topography of American political culture: the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 and the ensuing negotiation of a new federal agenda. Maya Lin, has gone on to become a respected architect and artist, with a studio in New York City. To achieve this effect she chose polished black granite for the walls. . The wall is the centerpiece of the memorial and is made up of two black granite walls, each 246 feet in length and 10 feet in height. The location secured, the seemingly uncontroversial process of articulating goals for a memorial and staging a competition draws over 1100 entries then the largest such design competition in the United States and the winner is Maya Lin's "Wall. Jan C. Scruggs, a wounded Vietnam War vet, studied what is now called post-traumatic stress disorder upon his return to. Mathias and Warner continually stressed that their objective was to provide the country with a symbol for reconciliation. The construction process hits a snag when relentless and powerful critics, led by Tom Carhart, find an unsavory political message in the supposedly apolitical winning design -- ultimately forcing a compromise, the addition of a flag and a statue with three soldiers to the Wall. They werent nice. Lower Manhattan must not be transformed into a vast mausoleum, obviously, but neither must it be transformed into a theme park for advanced architectural taste.15, Such rhetoric spilled over from the initial debates surrounding the redevelopment of the site of the Twin Towers to those regarding the design for the memorial. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial was built without government funds. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall was dedicated in 1982.

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